Abstract
This research was carried out in the Gongola Sub-basin of the Northern Benue Trough aimed at deciphering of the paleo-depositional environment of the Yolde Formation based on facies on facies analysis. Six lithofacies were identified to include trough crossbedded sandstone facies (St), massive bedded sandstone facies (Sm), planar crossbedded sandstone facies (Sp), ripple laminated sandstone facies (Sr), parallel sandstone facies (Sl) and mudstone facies (Fm). These build into two facies association of fluvial channel and tidally influenced fluvial channel facies associations. The fluvial successions typical characterizes the lower stratigraphic horizons and their contained dominances of trough crossbedded sandstone facies with high channel to overbank facies and contained mud-clast reflecting deep, high energy braided river system. The submergences of these channels by surging sea level rise generated the tidally influenced fluvial facies association and this package characteristically defines the upper interval stratigraphic architecture of this formation, displaying occasional bi-directional current system and abundant marine ichnogenera. This architectural symmetry is reflective of an incised valley fills, developing as a consequence of Cenomanian transgressive phase induced by the mid-Cretaceous global marine transgression.
Highlights
The Gongola Sub-basin forms part of the Northern Benue Trough, trending north-south at a bifurcation from the main Arm, Muri-Lau Sub-basin with its northern boundary at Dumbulwa Bage High marking the southern boundary of the Chad Basin (Fig.1).This basin originated and evolved due to the breakage and separation of the South American plates from the African plates during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous times, the resulting mechanism remained controversial but with two favored opposing theories trending as an account
The opening of the trough in the Aptian-Albian times is followed by a transgressive event that terminated in the Northern Benue Trough which is characterized by continental depositional regimes
The massive sandstone facies are moderately sorted with fine – medium grained sandstone that are commonly bioturbated
Summary
The Gongola Sub-basin forms part of the Northern Benue Trough, trending north-south at a bifurcation from the main Arm, Muri-Lau Sub-basin with its northern boundary at Dumbulwa Bage High marking the southern boundary of the Chad Basin (Fig.).This basin originated and evolved due to the breakage and separation of the South American plates from the African plates during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous times, the resulting mechanism remained controversial but with two favored opposing theories trending as an account. The opening of the trough in the Aptian-Albian times is followed by a transgressive event that terminated in the Northern Benue Trough which is characterized by continental depositional regimes. The marine inundation of the trough commenced in the Cenomanian, depositing transitionalmarine sequences of the Yolde Formation. This researched is aims to evaluate the facies and facies association of this formation at Pantami stream that represents one of its major outcrops in the Gongola Sub-basin in order to establish depositional model that characterizes its development
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