Abstract
Incineration has gained popularity over landfill as a key solution for the reduction of massively increasing volumes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation worldwide and in particular China. However, it is not the end solution. The disposal of the incineration residues, which are enriched with a wide range of heavy metals and soluble salts, has become a challenge for the environmental managers. The aim of this study was to review the increasing urbanization and its repercussion on waste generation in China; waste management options were compared for possible environmentally friendly considerations. Treatment techniques of incineration fly ash were discussed to determine the effectiveness of obtaining environmentally stable material, and, finally, possible applications of incineration fly ash for utilization were discussed based on identifying the processing suitability, performance and environmental impact of incineration fly ash for its applications.
Highlights
In 2016, around 2.01 billion tons of solid waste was generated worldwide
Municipal solid waste management in China is increasingly shifting towards incineration
The threat posed by the hazardous content in improperly handled fly ash is due to the lack of technical and economical feasibility of disposal
Summary
In 2016, around 2.01 billion tons of solid waste was generated worldwide. With increasing population, urban expansion and industrialization, the annual waste generation is expected to increase by 70% in the coming two decades [1]. The fly ash possesses a higher amount of heavy metal concentrations than that of bottom ash, which is resulted by the chemical partitioning of heavy metals accelerated by the temperature and the presence of chlorine, originated from the types of wastes incinerated (food, PVC, etc.) [10] Various countries, such as the USA, France, Canada, Japan, Italy, Germany, Sweden, etc., have introduced policies for the proper control and management of MSWI fly ash. China (HJ 1134—2020) in August-2020 will prevent and control environmental pollution, improve the quality of the ecological environment, standardize and guide the environmental management of MSW incineration fly ash. The occurrences of heavy metals, treatment techniques and existing practices related to the reuse of MSW incineration fly ash to identify potential application in China. Treatment techniques of incineration fly ash were investigated to determine effectiveness in obtaining environmentally stable material, and, possible applications of incineration fly ash for utilization were discussed based on identifying the processing suitability, performance and environmental impact of incineration fly ash for its applications
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