Incidence of Various Tuberculous Lesions in Indian Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Globally, TB is a major health issue, especially in low- and middle-income nations. Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases TB risk and complicates treatment. Due to the greatest worldwide TB burden and rising DM incidence, India faces a double public health problem. This study investigated the incidence and types of tuberculous lesions in Indian patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 250 individuals with a history of DM and respiratory symptoms were included. Data were collected through patient interviews, clinical examinations, and diagnostic tests. The association between diabetes-related factors and the incidence of tuberculous lesions was analyzed. Results: Out of 250 patients, 70 (28%) were diagnosed with tuberculous lesions. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common type (16%), followed by extrapulmonary tuberculosis (8%) and disseminated tuberculosis (4%). The duration of diabetes and higher HbA1c levels were considerably correlated with an increased risk of tuberculous lesions (p<0.05). Patients commonly presented with cough with sputum (85.7%), weight loss (78.6%), and loss of appetite (71.4%). Sputum examination for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) was positive in 64.3% of cases, and chest X-rays showed lesions in 71.4% of patients. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant incidence of tuberculous lesions among diabetic patients, with pulmonary tuberculosis being the predominant type. Poor glycemic control and longer duration of diabetes are critical risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for regular TB screening and proactive management in diabetic patients to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Recommendation: Healthcare providers should integrate routine TB screening into the care protocols for diabetic patients, particularly those with poor glycemic control and long-standing diabetes. Public health strategies should focus on the dual burden of TB and DM to enhance early detection and treatment, thereby improving patient outcomes. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Incidence, Glycemic Control