Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) amongst Patients Attending Primary Health Centres in Anambra State

C M Ogbukagu,I A Ekwealor,C C Ezemba,C C Ekwealor,V N Anakwenze

doi:10.4236/aim.2016.67054

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent extra-intestinal bacterial infections. It is a common disease encountered in medical practice affecting people of all ages, from neonate to geriatric age group. These infections are on the increase for outpatients attending Primary Health Centres in Anambra State, Nigeria, therefore the need for this study. The prevalence rate of urinary tract infection, age distribution and influence of sex were determined. Susceptibility pattern of the infectious organisms to antimicrobial agent were examined. Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected and examined. Out of 3000 urine samples examined, 528 bacterial isolates were recovered and characterized. These include: Escherichia coli (24.2%), Klebsiella spp. (18.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.2%), Proteus mirabilis (9.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.1%), Citrobacter intermedius (6.1%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6.1%). More females (52%) were infected than males (48%) and in both sexes, the highest incidence was found amongst the age group, 26 - 38 years. Gram negative rods had the highest incidence in both sexes. Among the towns in Anambra state, Umunya in southern province was observed to have the highest incidence rate of UTI. Susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents showed that Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Cephalexin, Penicillin V, Erythromycin and Gentamycin while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all the antibiotics. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were resistant to all the antibiotics except Gentamycin while Citrobacter intermedius was resistant only to Cephalexin and Erythromycin. This study provides the evidence of urinary tract infections amongst outpatients of primary health centres and the drugs for their control.

Highlights

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is defined as the microbial invasion of any of the tissues of the urinary tract extending from the renal cortex to the urethral meatus [1]
A total of 528 bacterial isolates were recovered from the urine samples, and the isolates were grouped as Gram negative rods and Gram positive cocci
The age distribution of urinary tract infection in males and females are shown in Figure 2(a) and Figure 2(b)

Summary

Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is defined as the microbial invasion of any of the tissues of the urinary tract extending from the renal cortex to the urethral meatus [1]. The urinary tract includes the organs that collect and store urine and release it from the body, and these organs are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra and accessory structures [2]. Typical symptoms associated with UTI include the triad of dysuria (painful urination), urgency (the enhanced desire to void the bladder) and frequency (increased rate of urination). UTIs are caused by bacteria in the gastro intestinal tract that have colonized the periurethral area. Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Serratia species and Pseudomonas species are usually detected in recurrent infections especially in association with stones, obstruction, urologic manipulation and nosocomial catheter-associated infections [5]-[7]. Other bacterial pathogens frequently isolated include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis [8]

Methods

Results

Conclusion