Incidence of obesity across adulthood in the United States, 2001–2017—a national prospective analysis

Abstract

BackgroundIn the United States, the prevalence of obesity among adults has increased 3-fold since the 1980s, but patterns of incidence of new cases of obesity are not known. ObjectivesTo examine the incidence of new cases of obesity: overall, by demographic and educational subgroups, by weight status, and changes during this century. MethodsWe analyzed adult (≥20 y) anthropometric records from the US nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 2001 to 2017. Among those not having obesity (body mass index, BMI, ≥30 kg/m2) at first observation, we used Poisson models to estimate the incidence of obesity [cases/1000 person-years (PYs)] and incidence rate ratio (IRR). ResultsAmong 13,888 adults followed for 115,797 PYs, the incidence of obesity in 2001–2017 was 28.1/1000 PYs (95% CI: 26.7, 29.7). Over the periods 2001–2005, 2005–2009, and 2009–2013, the incidence of obesity was stable, but in 2013–2017 the incidence increased by 18% compared to 2009–2013 [IRR: 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.30)]. Blacks had higher obesity incidence [47.9/1000 PYs (95% CI: 42.7, 53.1)] than Whites [26.2/1000 PYs (95% CI: 24.6, 27.9)]. Risk was particularly high among Black females [57.9/1000 PYs (95% CI: 49.1, 66.8)] and Black young adults (20–29 y) [65.5/1000 PYs (95% CI: 54.2, 76.7)]. Across race, obesity incidence was highest in young adults (20–29 y) [34.1/1000 PYs (95% CI: 31.5, 36.7)] and declined with age [age 70+ y: 18.9/1000 PYs (95% CI: 16.6, 21.8)]. Those with overweight had an obesity risk 7 times higher than those with normal weight [62.1/1000 PYs (95% CI: 58.8, 65.3) vs. 8.8/1000 PYs (95% CI: 8.1, 9.6)]. Those with less than high-school education had higher obesity incidence than those with education beyond high-school [39.4/1000 PYs (95% CI: 34.4, 44.4) vs. 24.7/1000 PYs (95% CI: 23.1, 26.3)]. ConclusionsIncidence of obesity was stable over the first 13 y of the last 2 decades but increased by 18% in 2013–2017. Blacks and younger adults were at highest risk, and those with overweight were also at high risk for developing obesity.