Incidence of heparin resistance and heparin failure in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an exploratory retrospective analysis

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BackgroundUnfractionated heparin (UFH) is used in most centers for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) anticoagulation. When standard doses do not achieve desired target values, heparin resistance is reported, most commonly defined as doses of UFH > 35 000 IU/d. ObjectivesTo study the incidence of heparin resistance and its association with thromboembolic complications in patients requiring ECMO support. MethodsIn this observational cohort study, we included adults who received venovenous, venoarterial ECMO and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal between January 2010 and May 2022. Main risk factor was heparin resistance (UFH, > 35 000 IU/d or > 20 IU/kg/h); the outcome was thromboembolism. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate the effects of heparin resistance, adjusted for several clinical variables on the thromboembolism rate per 100 ECMO patient-days. ResultsOf the 197 patients included, 33 (16.8%) required UFH > 35 000 IU/d and 14 (7.1%) required UFH > 20 IU/kg/h. Thromboembolic complications occurred at a rate of 5.89/100 ECMO d. Heparin resistance was not associated with thromboembolic events (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.14-5.82), whereas COVID-19 (IRR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.4-3.96; P < .001) and ECMO type (venoarterial ECMO: IRR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.34-3.92; P = .002; extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal: IRR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.46-5.59; P = .002; reference venovenous ECMO) were significantly associated with the risk of thromboembolic events. ConclusionA significant proportion of patients fulfilled the common definition of heparin resistance. However, this did not influence the occurrence of thromboembolic events.