Incidence, characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis in COVID-19 patients: Comparison with influenza and pre-pandemic data.

Abstract

This study characterized incidence, patient profiles, risk factors and outcomes of in-hospital diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with COVID-19 compared with influenza and pre-pandemic data. This study consisted of 13 383 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (March 2020-July 2022), 19 165 hospitalized patients with influenza (January 2018-July 2022) and 35 000 randomly sampled hospitalized pre-pandemic patients (January 2017-December 2019) in Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA. Primary outcomes were incidence of in-hospital DKA, in-hospital mortality, and insulin use at 3 and 6 months post-infection. Risk factors for developing DKA were identified. The overall incidence of DKA in patients with COVID-19 and influenza, and pre-pandemic were 2.1%, 1.4% and 0.5%, respectively (p < .05 pairwise). Patients with COVID-19 with DKA had worse acute outcomes (p < .05) and higher incidence of new insulin treatment 3 and 6 months post-infection compared with patients with influenza with DKA (p < .05). The incidence of DKA in patients with COVID-19 was highest among patients with type 1 diabetes (12.8%), followed by patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes (T2D; 5.2%), non-insulin dependent T2D (2.3%) and, lastly, patients without T2D (1.3%). Patients with COVID-19 with DKA had worse disease severity and higher mortality [odds ratio = 6.178 (4.428-8.590), p < .0001] compared with those without DKA. Type 1 diabetes, steroid therapy for COVID-19, COVID-19 status, black race and male gender were associated with increased risk of DKA. The incidence of DKA was higher in COVID-19 cohort compared to the influenza and pre-pandemic cohort. Patients with COVID-19 with DKA had worse outcomes compared with those without. Many COVID-19 survivors who developed DKA during hospitalization became insulin dependent. Identification of risk factors for DKA and new insulin-dependency could enable careful monitoring and timely intervention.