Incidence and risk factors of hypertension among Saudi type 2 diabetes adult patients: an 11-year prospective randomized study

Abstract

Aims Insofar as hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this study investigated the incidence of hypertension and associated risk factors in Saudi T2DM patients. Methods A hospital-based, 11-year (1993–2004) prospective study of 916 adult originally normotensive T2DM Saudi patients (488 male and 428 female). T2DM was diagnosed as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, while hypertension was assessed according to the Seventh Joint National Criteria for Hypertension Classification (JNVII). Risk factors were analyzed on those who developed hypertension. Results The hypertension incidence was 17.2/100 person-years, based on 2833.63 person-years of cohort group follow-up. Age-adjusted Cox regression coefficient showed that the significant risk factors for developing hypertension were older age, higher HbA 1c, BMI, elevated triglycerides (>1.8 mmol/l) and creatinine (>115 mmol/l), smoking, proteinuria, microalbuminuria, lack of physical exercise, and retinopathy, while anti-platelet and lipid-lowering drugs had lower hypertension hazard ratios. Cox proportional hazard showed that older age, male gender, higher BMI, diabetes duration (<5 years), and retinopathy were independent predictors of hypertension, while exercise, lipid-lowering, and anti-platelet medications were associated with reduced hypertension incidence rate. Conclusions Incidence of hypertension in Saudi T2DM patients is comparable to other communities, with older age, male gender, higher BMI, diabetes duration of <5 years and retinopathy being strong predictors for hypertension development.