Incidence and mortality rates of lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil: time-trend and age-period-cohort analysis from the last 30 years, Global Burden of Disease Study.

Deborah Carvalho Malta,Fernando Neves Hugo,Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser,Lucas Guimarães Abreu,Renato Teixeira,Caroline Stein,Max Moura De Oliveira,Daniel Volpato Romagna,Mohsen Naghavi

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0286-2021

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Cancers are the second main cause of morbidity worldwide, but robust information on lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil is lacking. This study aimed to analyze the trends of incidence and mortality caused by lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers and age-period-cohort effects in the Brazilian population of 30 years of age and over, in the period of 1990 to 2019.METHODS: A time series study of the incidence and mortality rates for oral cavity and pharynx cancer (“Lip and oral cavity cancer”, “Nasopharynx cancer”, and “Other pharynx cancer”) was conducted, with corrected data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants, for the global population, were gathered according to the individuals’ sex. The annual average percentage change (AAPC) was estimated, as was the age-period-cohort effects. RESULTS: The incidence and mortality rates were higher for men in the studied anatomical regions. The cancers tended to decrease for men, except for nasopharynx cancer, which increased in individuals of both sexes. Mortality tended to present a decline in most of the groups studied. For men and women, the age-period-cohort model presented a better adjustment for both incidence and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence and mortality caused by the main head and neck cancers showed a tendency to decline over the past 30 years in Brazil, except for nasopharynx cancer, which showed an increase in incidence and mortality in some segments of the population. Higher rates were found for lip and oral cavity cancers in men.

Highlights

Cancers are the second main cause of morbidity worldwide, but robust information on lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil is lacking
Incidence and mortality caused by the main head and neck cancers showed a tendency to decline over the past 30 years in Brazil, except for nasopharynx cancer, which showed an increase in incidence and mortality in some segments of the population
This study aimed to evaluate the most recent estimate of the time trend of the incidence and mortality rates of the main head and neck cancers, broken down by anatomical location in Brazil, from 1990 to 2019, using corrected data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD)

Summary

Introduction

Cancers are the second main cause of morbidity worldwide, but robust information on lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil is lacking. Cancers are among the main problems of public health at a global level They are the first or second main cause of death in developed and developing countries and rank between third and tenth in some under-developed countries[1]. The head and neck region is a common location for the development of primary cancers, and squamous cell carcinoma (the main histological type of tumor) is the 6th most common malignancy in the world This group includes malignant tumors, which affect the oral and nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or salivary glands[4], with the oral cavity and the pharynx being the most often affected places. Men are affected more often than women, in a ratio that ranges from 2:1 to 4:1 Most of those tumors have a disfavorable prognosis, with evolution to death when diagnosed and treated late. This occurs because of the scarce symptomatology in its early stages or due to the delay in seeking out medical attention[6,7]

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