Abstract
Conservation scientists are increasingly focusing on the drivers of human behavior and on the implications of various sources of uncertainty for management decision making. Trophy hunting has been suggested as a conservation tool because it gives economic value to wildlife, but recent examples show that overharvesting is a substantial problem and that data limitations are rife. We use a case study of trophy hunting of an endangered antelope, the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), to explore how uncertainties generated by population monitoring and poaching interact with decision making by 2 key stakeholders: the safari companies and the government. We built a management strategy evaluation model that encompasses the population dynamics of mountain nyala, a monitoring model, and a company decision making model. We investigated scenarios of investment into antipoaching and monitoring by governments and safari companies. Harvest strategy was robust to the uncertainty in the population estimates obtained from monitoring, but poaching had a much stronger effect on quota and sustainability. Hence, reducing poaching is in the interests of companies wishing to increase the profitability of their enterprises, for example by engaging community members as game scouts. There is a threshold level of uncertainty in the population estimates beyond which the year-to-year variation in the trophy quota prevented planning by the safari companies. This suggests a role for government in ensuring that a baseline level of population monitoring is carried out such that this level is not exceeded. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the incentives of multiple stakeholders when designing frameworks for resource use and when designing management frameworks to address the particular sources of uncertainty that affect system sustainability most heavily.Incentivando el Monitoreo y el Cumplimiento en la Caza de TrofeosResumenCientíficos conservacionistas cada vez se enfocan más en los conductores del comportamiento humano y en las implicaciones de varias fuentes de incertidumbre en la toma de decisiones de manejo. La cacería de trofeos ha sido sugerida como una herramienta de conservación porque le otorga valor económico a la vida silvestre, pero ejemplos recientes muestran que la sobrecolecta es un problema sustancial y que las limitaciones de datos son abundantes. Usamos el estudio de caso de la cacería de trofeos de un antílope en peligro, el nyala de las montañas (Tragelaphus buxtoni), para explorar como las incertidumbres generadas por el monitoreo de poblaciones y el tráfico de especies interactúan con la toma de decisiones de 2 actores clave: las compañías de safari y el gobierno. Construimos un modelo de evaluación de estrategia de manejo que incluye la dinámica poblacional del nyala de las montañas, un modelo de monitoreo y un modelo de toma de decisiones de una compañía. Investigamos escenarios de inversión en el combate del tráfico de especies y el monitoreo por el gobierno y las compañías de safari. La estrategia de colecta fue robusta hacia la incertidumbre en los estimados de población obtenidos del monitoreo, pero el tráfico de especies tuvo un efecto más fuerte sobre la cuota y la sustentabilidad; por esto, reducir el tráfico de especies está dentro de los intereses de compañías que desean incrementar la rentabilidad de las empresas, por ejemplo al hacer participar a los miembros de la comunidad como guías de caza. Hay un nivel umbral de incertidumbre en los estimados de población más allá del cual la variación anual en la cuota de trofeos previene la planeación por parte de las compañías de safari. Esto sugiere un papel para el gobierno asegurando que un nivel base de monitoreo de población se lleve a cabo para que este nivel no sea excedido. Nuestros resultados ilustran la importancia de considerar los incentivos de partes interesadas múltiples al designar marcos de trabajo para el uso de recursos y que al designar marcos de trabajo de manejo dirigirse a las fuentes particulares de incertidumbre que afecten más al sistema de sustentabilidad.
Highlights
Trophy hunting has been advocated as a tool for biodiversity conservation because it provides monetary incentives for conservation
Three main arguments have been put forward in support of this stance on trophy hunting: it provides economic incentives for sustainable offtake (Lindsey et al 2007); it turns land into conservation areas, for example over 1.3 million km2 in subSaharan Africa is used for trophy hunting, which is more than state land provided for wildlife (Lindsey et al 2006); and it can finance reintroductions, for example black wildebeest (Connochaetus gnou) and southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) in South Africa (Leader-Williams et al 2005)
A recent study by Packer et al (2011) showed that intensity of trophy hunting is a significant factor in the decline of hunted populations in Tanzania, indicating that poorly regulated hunting practices can lead to trophy hunting having a negative effect
Summary
Trophy hunting has been advocated as a tool for biodiversity conservation because it provides monetary incentives for conservation. Three main arguments have been put forward in support of this stance on trophy hunting: it provides economic incentives for sustainable offtake (Lindsey et al 2007); it turns land into conservation areas, for example over 1.3 million km in subSaharan Africa is used for trophy hunting, which is more than state land provided for wildlife (Lindsey et al 2006); and it can finance reintroductions, for example black wildebeest (Connochaetus gnou) and southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) in South Africa (Leader-Williams et al 2005). A recent study by Packer et al (2011) showed that intensity of trophy hunting is a significant factor in the decline of hunted populations in Tanzania, indicating that poorly regulated hunting practices can lead to trophy hunting having a negative effect
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