Incentivising multi-stakeholders’ proactivity and market vitality for spatiotemporal microgrids in Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Bay Area

Abstract

Sustainability transformation calls for renovation and reformation on traditional energy systems. E-mobility and electrification in building sectors provide a promising alternative for cleaner power sharing in cross-boundary regions. Meanwhile, the renewable and sustainable transition requires multi-stakeholders’ collaboration from techno-economic-environmental perspectives. In this study, spatiotemporal energy sharing mechanisms were investigated for an E-mobility-based cross-boundary energy network in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. In according to the energy boundary within the district energy network, diversity in energy pricing policies for external power trading (e.g., buildings and vehicles with power grid) was integrated for cost-optimal energy interaction modes (e.g., Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) interaction). Furthermore, dynamic energy pricing strategies in internal power trading were explored based on supply-to-demand ratio, to promote multi-stakeholders’ participation. Through the parametrical and comparative analysis, trade-off strategies on V2G price and integrated wind turbine capacity have been proposed, to comprehensively balance battery depreciation cost, internal and external trading costs. Results show that roles of hotel and commercial building transit from economic payers to income earner along with the increase in integrated capacity of renewable systems, while commercial building always acts as an income earner, and residential buildings always act as economic payers. Moreover, the annual battery depreciation cost in the V2B interaction accounts for 6.5% of the vehicle cost (0.934 × 105 RMB), and the V2G interaction can reduce the vehicle cost from 1.33 × 106 to 1.15 × 106 RMB. By adopting the dynamic energy pricing in internal power trading, the roles of vehicles will transit from economic payer (1.01 × 106 RMB in Policy 2) to income earner (0.70 × 106 RMB in Policy 5), offsetting the battery degradation cost and economically incentivising participation willingness of vehicle owners. Furthermore, to compromise battery depreciation cost, internal and external trading cost and ensure the economic benefits of vehicle owners, V2G price is identified as 2.4 RMB/kWh and 2.3 RMB/kWh for scenarios with integrated wind turbine capacity at 1 and 2 MW. Research results can provide frontier guidelines on system designers and planners, pricing policy-makers, and energy managers to collaboratively develop a smart Greater Bay Area for sustainability transformation.