Abstract
Integration of PV power generation systems at distribution grids, especially at low-voltage (LV) grids, brings in operational challenges for distribution system operators (DSOs). These challenges include grid over-voltages and overloading of cables during peak PV power production. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are being installed alongside PV systems by customers for smart home energy management. This paper investigates the utilization of those BESS by DSOs for maintaining the grid voltages within limits. In this context, an incentive price based demand response (IDR) method is proposed for indirect control of charging/discharging power of the BESS according to the grid voltage conditions. It is shown that the proposed IDR method, which relies on a distributed computing application, is able to maintain the grid voltages within limits. The advantage of the proposed distributed implementation is that the DSOs can compute and communicate the incentive prices thereby encouraging customers to actively participate in the demand response program. An iterative distributed algorithm is used to compute the incentive prices of individual BESS to minimize the costs of net power consumption of the customer. The proposed IDR method is tested by conducting simulation studies on the model of a Danish LV grid for few study cases. The simulation results show that by using the proposed method for the control of BESS, node voltages are maintained within limits as well as the costs of net power consumption of BESS owners are minimized.
Highlights
At present, the medium-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) power distribution grids are being integrated with large amounts of renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar PV and wind power plants to accelerate the green energy transition [1]
This paper proposes a demand response method in which the incentive prices are computed and communicated to each distributed energy resources (DERs) close to real-time by which the voltage regulation objective of the distribution system operators (DSOs) and electricity cost minimization of the customer are both fulfilled
The proposed method is verified through simulation studies in which it is applied for controlling the charging/discharging pattern of a group of battery energy storage systems (BESS) connected to the simplified model of a real-life LV grid with PV systems
Summary
The medium-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) power distribution grids are being integrated with large amounts of renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar PV and wind power plants to accelerate the green energy transition [1]. The focus of this paper is to apply a novel DR method for two objectives, which are voltage regulation of LV grids and maximization of the self-power consumption of customers (thereby minimizing their electricity bills) by optimum utilization of their battery storage systems. An incentive-based distributed optimization algorithm is proposed in [18] for voltage regulation by optimum control of the PV power production in LV grids. This algorithm is proposed to use primal-dual projected gradient method to compute the incentive price signals of PV systems. A limitation of the proposed method is the requirement of communication infrastructure among the LVGC and BESS controllers and the need for exchange of signals at each time-step to compute the incentive prices. Three simulation case studies to numerically evaluate the proposed IDR method are reported in Sections 5 and 6 concludes the paper with remarks and future works
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