Abstract
Distraction and inattention pose a considerable threat to road safety, not only for car drivers, but also for vulnerable road users. Previous studies show that inattention and distraction are more often contributing factors in severe crashes, compared to less severe crashes. The correlation with severity appears to vary with the type of inattention. The aim of the present study was to conduct a comprehensive mapping of the types of inattention that contribute to fatal road crashes. This was done by exploring data from in-depth investigations of all fatal road crashes in Norway between 2011 and 2015 conducted by crash investigation teams of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration. Crash reports were selected for screening, based on codes indicating inattention as a possible contributing factor. Inattention among at-fault drivers of motor vehicles was found to contribute to almost one out of three fatal road crashes between 2011 and 2015. About one-third of inattention-related crashes involved pedestrians who were hit by motor vehicles, where the driver typically detected the pedestrian too late. Failure to check for information in blind spots or behind other sight obstructions is a typical form of inattention. Distraction by use of mobile phones contributed to between two and four percent of all fatal crashes, while other sources of distraction, within or outside of the vehicle, contributed to about ten percent. Driver inattention may be preventable by a system-oriented approach including a combination of vehicle technology, road and road environment improvements, appropriate signs and markings, education and information, as well as legal measures and enforcement regarding use of mobile phones, in-vehicle sight obstructions, and involvement in other secondary tasks during driving.
Highlights
Driver distraction is defined as “the diversion of attention from activities critical for safe driving to a competing activity”, and driver inattention is described as “mismatches between the driver’s current resource allocation and that demanded by activities critical for safe driving” (Engström et al 2013)
Taking distraction by using a mobile phone while driving as an example, visual distraction would be looking at the display, auditory distraction listening to a conversation partner, manual distraction dialling or texting, and cognitive distraction thinking about the contents of the conversation
About onethird of inattention-related crashes involved pedestrians who were hit by a motor vehicle, typically because the driver detected the pedestrian too late
Summary
Driver distraction is defined as “the diversion of attention from activities critical for safe driving to a competing activity”, and driver inattention is described as “mismatches between the driver’s current resource allocation and that demanded by activities critical for safe driving” (Engström et al 2013). A common distinction is between visual, auditory, manual, and cognitive distraction. Taking distraction by using a mobile phone while driving as an example, visual distraction would be looking at the display, auditory distraction listening to a conversation partner, manual distraction dialling or texting, and cognitive distraction thinking about the contents of the conversation. Both visual distraction (e.g., looking away from the road and traffic) and other types of distraction may contribute to fatal crashes. Some studies show that cognitive distraction, such as daydreaming, resulting in a failure to concentrate on traffic (Chan & Singhal 2013; He et al 2011), is a contributing factor in several crashes (e.g. Berthie et al 2015; Galera et al 2012; Sagberg 2016)
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