Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are the most common cause of acquired diseases in hospitalized patients. Effective surface disinfection, focused on the inactivation of the spores of this pathogen, is a decisive factor in reducing the number of nosocomial cases of CDI infections. An efficient disinfection procedure is the result of both the properties of the biocidal agent used and the technology of its implementation as well as a reliable, experimental methodology for assessing the activity of the biocidal active substance based on laboratory models that adequately represent real clinical conditions. This study reviews the state of knowledge regarding the properties and biochemical basis of the action mechanisms of sporicidal substances, with emphasis on chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Among the analyzed biocides, in addition to ClO2, active chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and glutaraldehyde were characterized. Due to the relatively high sporicidal effectiveness and effective control of bacterial biofilm, as well as safety in a health and environmental context, the use of ClO2 is an attractive alternative in the control of nosocomial infections of CD etiology. In terms of the methods of assessing the biocidal effectiveness, suspension and carrier standards are discussed.
Highlights
The One Health approach recognizes that human health is closely connected to the health of animals and the natural environment
The paradigm of One Health is based on the observation that health is a continuous, combined, global, and interdependent series of causes and effects occurring within ecosystems as well as in human and animal populations [1,2,3]
In North America and Europe, infections with Clostridioides difficile (CDI) are the most common causes of intestinal diseases acquired during hospitalization
Summary
The One Health approach recognizes that human health is closely connected to the health of animals and the natural environment. An important topic in the context of the One Health approach is antibiotic resistance, as several habitats may be sites for the emergence and maintenance of resistant microorganisms, including hospital effluents, wastewater treatment plants, farms, or aquaculture ponds [6]. In North America and Europe, infections with Clostridioides difficile (CDI) are the most common causes of intestinal diseases acquired during hospitalization. This phenomenon is associated with the use of antibiotics and chemotherapy, as well as with ineffective decontamination of the hospital environment [8]. Characterization of Biocides Against Clostridioides difficile Used in Healthcare Settings
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