Inactivation of neuronal function in the amygdaloid region reduces tail artery blood flow alerting responses in conscious rats

Abstract

Few studies have investigated whether neuronal function in the amygdaloid complex is necessary for the occurrence of the cardiovascular response to natural (unconditioned) environmental threats. In the present investigation in conscious unrestrained Sprague–Dawley rats we inactivated neuronal function in the amygdaloid complex acutely (bilateral muscimol injections) or chronically (unilateral or bilateral ibotenic acid injections) and measured the effect on sudden falls in tail artery blood flow elicited by non-noxious salient stimuli (sympathetic cutaneous vasomotor alerting responses, SCVARs). After acute bilateral injection of vehicle (200nl Ringer’s solution) the SCVAR index was 81±2%, indicating that tail blood flow was reduced by 81% in response to the salient stimuli. After acute bilateral injection of muscimol (1nmol in 200nl of Ringer’s solution) into the amygdaloid complex the SCVAR index was 49±5%, indicating that tail blood flow was reduced by 49% in response to the salient stimuli (p<0.01 versus vehicle, n=7 rats for vehicle and 6 for muscimol). One week after unilateral ibotenic acid lesions, the SCVAR index was 68±3%, significantly less than 90±1%, the corresponding value after unilateral injection of vehicle (p<0.01, n=6 rats in each group). After bilateral ibotenic acid lesions the SCVAR index was 52±4%, significantly less than 93±1%, the corresponding value after bilateral injection of vehicle (p<0.001, n=6 rats in each group). Ibotenic acid caused extensive neuronal destruction of the whole amygdaloid complex, as well as lateral temporal lobe structures including the piriform cortex. Our results demonstrate that the amygdaloid complex plays an important role in mediating the tail artery vasoconstriction that occurs in rats in response to the animal’s perception of a salient stimulus, redirecting blood to areas of the body with more immediate metabolic requirements.