Inactivation of creatine kinase during the interaction of mefenamic acid with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide: participation by the mefenamic acid radical

Abstract

Creatine kinase (CK) was used as a marker molecule to examine the side effects of damage to tissues by mefenamic acid, an effective drug to treat rheumatic and arthritic diseases, with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (HRP-H 2O 2). Mefenamic acid inactivated CK during its interaction with HRP-H 2O 2. Also, diphenylamine and flufenamic acid caused a loss of CK activity, indicating the imino group, not substituent groups, in the phenyl rings have a crucial role in CK inactivation. Rapid change in mefenamic acid spectra was detected, suggesting that mefenamic acid is efficiently oxidized by HRP-H 2O 2. Peroxidases oxidize xenobiotics to free radicals by a one-electron transfer. However, direct detection of mefenamic acid radicals by electron spin resonance (ESR) was unsuccessful. Reduced glutathione and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) in the reaction mixture containing mefenamic acid with HRP-H 2O 2 produced ESR signals consistent with a DMPO-glutathionyl radical adduct. These results suggest that inactivation of CK is probably caused through formation of mefenamic acid radicals. Sulfhydryl groups and tryptophan residues of CK were diminished by mefenamic acid with HRP-H 2O 2. Other SH enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were very sensitive to mefenamic acid with HRP-H 2O 2. Inactivation of SH enzymes may explain some deleterious actions of mefenamic acid.