Abstract
The Caliciviridae family of viruses contains clinically important human and animal pathogens, as well as vesivirus 2117, a known contaminant of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes employing Chinese hamster cells. An extensive literature exists for inactivation of various animal caliciviruses, especially feline calicivirus and murine norovirus. The caliciviruses are susceptible to wet heat inactivation at temperatures in excess of 60 °C with contact times of 30 min or greater, to UV-C inactivation at fluence ≥30 mJ/cm2, to high pressure processing >200 MPa for >5 min at 4 °C, and to certain photodynamic inactivation approaches. The enteric caliciviruses (e.g.; noroviruses) display resistance to inactivation by low pH, while the non-enteric species (e.g.; feline calicivirus) are much more susceptible. The caliciviruses are inactivated by a variety of chemicals, including alcohols, oxidizing agents, aldehydes, and β-propiolactone. As with inactivation of viruses in general, inactivation of caliciviruses by the various approaches may be matrix-, temperature-, and/or contact time-dependent. The susceptibilities of the caliciviruses to the various physical and chemical inactivation approaches are generally similar to those displayed by other small, non-enveloped viruses, with the exception that the parvoviruses and circoviruses may require higher temperatures for inactivation, while these families appear to be more susceptible to UV-C inactivation than are the caliciviruses.
Highlights
The Caliciviridae are a family of non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with small particle size (27–40 nm)
The calicivirus family is comprised of four genera: Vesivirus
Heat inactivation of viruses may in some cases appear to be first-order with respect to contact time, but often graphs of log10 inactivation vs. time indicate departures from first-order kinetics [29]
Summary
The Caliciviridae are a family of non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with small particle size (27–40 nm). Non-enveloped viruses, the caliciviruses are able to survive under conditions that would be expected to inactivate other families of viruses (especially those that are enveloped) This relative resistance to inactivation is the subject of the present review. There are two proposed genera, the Neboviruses and the Recoviruses [1] The caliciviruses and their respective inactivation susceptibilities (and resistances) have been studied intensively for years, due to the fact that this virus family represents the main cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. An extensive literature exists for inactivation of various animal caliciviruses, especially feline calicivirus and murine norovirus The latter have been studied as surrogates of the clinically more important human noroviruses since in vitro culture systems for the human noroviruses have not been commonly available. The route of entry of this virus into biologics production processes has yet to be established with certainty, the use of contaminated animal-derived materials, such as bovine sera, is considered to be the most likely source [2,4]
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