In-work poverty dynamics: trigger events and short-term trajectories in Argentina

There is growing concern about the problem of in-work poverty in the UK. Despite this, the literature on in-work poverty remains small in comparison with that on low pay and, in particular, we know relatively little about how people move in and out of in-work poverty. This paper presents an analysis of in-work poverty transitions in the UK, and extends the literature in this field in a number of identified ways. The paper finds that in-work poverty is more transitory than poverty amongst working-age adults more generally, and that the number of workers in the household is a particularly strong predictor of in-work poverty transitions. For most, in-work poverty is a temporary phenomenon, and most exits are by exiting poverty while remaining in work. However, our study finds that respondents who experience in-work poverty are three times more likely than non-poor workers to become workless, while one-quarter of respondents in workless, poor families who gained work entered in-work poverty. These findings demonstrate the limits to which work provides a route out of poverty, and points to the importance of trying to support positive transitions while minimising negative shocks faced by working poor families.

This article presents an analysis of the female working poor in relation to gender employment segregation. It draws a cross-national profile of the female working poor in Belgium and China: two different nations with distinct stories of socio-economic development and cultural heritage, while both are characterized by high female employment participation. Analyses show that (1) women share a higher proportion among the total working poor population in both nations during recent years, whereas (2) in-work poverty has been a chronic condition, particularly among female workers in low-quality jobs. Thus, to some extent, labor market institutions may shape this gendered tendency of in-work poverty. In this article, women’s position in the public sphere in relation to employment segregation is discussed, and a contextual analysis identifies the causes of gender employment segregation. The results shed light on the crucial role of gender employment segregations related to in-work poverty and show that gender ideology and stereotypes do matter in explaining such employment differences. We argue that the promotion of female participation should be combined with explicit measures to reduce the disadvantageous position of women in the labor market.

The results of a survey carried out in Latvia in 2015 are examined to estimate the scope and depth of in-work poverty. The widely used EU-SILC data considerably underestimate in-work poverty in Latvia. Logistic regression analysis indicates that persons with low education, poor health, persons of pre-retirement age, and those employed in non-standard work arrangements are more likely exposed to a high in-work poverty risk. Social transfers and the income of other household members do not significantly reduce this risk. The Latvian government should provide adequate social protection and funding to alleviate the in-work poverty problem.

This chapter highlights the potential of a longitudinal approach to gain better insight into the dynamic patterns of working poverty. While cross-sectional research can show us the characteristics of people at risk of in-work poverty, it cannot show us how transitory or persistent in-work poverty is. A longitudinal approach can further our insight by showing the duration of in-work poverty, the typical sequence of events leading to working poverty and the patterns of exit from in-work poverty. It can furthermore show us which population groups are at risk of persistent working poverty, and how episodes of working poverty are embedded in the life course. We start this chapter with highlighting the advantages of a longitudinal approach to working poverty. In a second section we will review the existing research evidence on dynamic approaches to poverty and employment. In the third section we will introduce the research design needed to study dynamics of working poverty. This includes a discussion of the type of data necessary (socio-economic household panel data), as well as a brief overview of the relevant analysis techniques. The fourth section of the chapter includes empirical examples of the dynamics of in-work poverty.

Is in-work poverty a low-wage or an unemployment problem, and is it the same problem all across Europe? Because of the definitional ambiguity, we really do not know. In this article, we use longitudinal European Union-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data from 22 countries and derive a set of distinct clusters of labour market trajectories (LMTs) from information about monthly labour market position from a 36-month observation window and estimate in-work poverty risk for each LMT. The results show that in-work poverty is a problem that affects the self-employed and people in a marginal labour market position, that is, those who for different reasons move in and out of employment. Hence, in-work poverty is mainly an unemployment problem, not a low-wage problem. Besides the fact that the size of LMTs varies between countries, we also expected to find systematic country differences in the effect of LMTs. The analysis did not support that assumption.

Las relaciones entre el riesgo de pobreza y el empleo se han convertido en un problema de creciente interés en los últimos años. El grueso de la investigación disponible sobre este problema es de tipo transversal. El análisis dinámico de la pobreza laboral es particularmente interesante para la respuesta de varias cuestiones: ¿es el empleo suficiente para evitar la pobreza? ¿Es la pobreza laboral una situación temporal o permanente? En este trabajo se analiza la dinámica de la pobreza de los trabajadores en España; con el objetivo de conocer si las caídas en la pobreza laboral se producen solo temporalmente, si las personas caen varias veces en esta situación o si, de lo contrario, la pobreza laboral se configura como un fenómeno que produce atrapamiento y del cual es muy difícil salir. A su vez se pretende analizar los distintos perfiles de pobreza laboral en función de su duración.

Background: Significantly higher colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality exists in the five public health districts of Georgia including the Clayton, West Central, East Central, Southeast, and Northeast Georgia. Particularly, CRC outcomes are poorer among patients living in low socioeconomic (SES) areas with predominantly Black population in Georgia. We sought to examine 5-year CRC survival rates between White and Black/Other patients and determine whether regional SES status associated with 5-year CRC survival within different race groups in these five regions of Georgia. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the 1975-2016 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The 2015 United State Department of Agriculture Economic Research Services (USDA ERS) county typology codes were used to identify region-level SES with persistent poverty, low employment, and low education. A county is classified by the USDA ERS as a persistent poverty by using 1980, 1990, 2000 censuses and 2007-11 American Community Survey. Five-year CRC survival rates were compared by using Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine the aforementioned associations in different race groups adjusted for demographics (gender, age at diagnosis, marital status, and five Georgia regions) and tumor features (stage, grade, and primary site). Results: Among 11,023 CRC patients (31.9% Black/Other patients), 5-year CRC survival rates were lower among Black/Other patients compared to White patients (65.9% vs. 69.9%; p-value<0.001). Black/Other patients living in low education, low employment, and persistent poverty regions appeared to have lower 5-year survival rates compared to those not living in those regions (59.6% vs. 67.8%, p-value<0.001; 65.4% vs. 66.2%, p-value=0.385; 64.4% vs. 66.5%, p-value=0.089 respectively). In the adjusted analysis, we found that White patients living in regions with persistent poverty were 1.12-fold of increased risk of CRC death (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.00-1.25; p-value=0.043) compared to those living in non-persistent poverty regions. Among Black/Other patients, those living in regions with low education were 1.19-fold of increased risk of CRC death (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.40; p-value=0.033) compared to those living in non-low education regions. Other factors, such as older age at diagnosis, distant stage, and high-grade tumors, were positively associated with CRC death among the entire cohort, regardless of racial groups. Conclusion: In Georgia, we found that Black/Other patients demonstrated the lower CRC survival rates. Region-level SES was associated with CRC survival among White and Black/Other patients. White patients living in regions with persistent poverty, and Black/Other patients living in regions with low education had an increased risk of CRC death. Our findings provide important evidence to relevant stakeholders in furthering the development of culturally tailored CRC screening interventions aimed at CRC early detection by considering patient’s regional SES status in Georgia. Citation Format: Meng-Han Tsai, Shaoyong Su, Marlo Vernon, Yanbin Dong. Racial disparities in the relationship of regional socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer survival in the five regions of Georgia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A100.

This book is the outcome of a collective research project undertaken within the Framework of the European Network of Excellence RECWOWE (Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe). Editors and authors have been concerned to follow a clear pattern of increasing integration of research partners and activities. After an initial period of activity devoted to the completion of a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on the tension between quantity and quality of work, in-work poverty (IWP) was seen as one specific and relevant dimension (Guillén, Gutiérrez and Peña-Casas, 2009). A second task was aimed at selecting and integrating research on five country cases - Spain, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Poland - analysing in detail the relative performance of the country concerned on the basis of previous comparative analysis, with a special focus on the role of institutional and policy factors. In a third task the research focus was expanded to highlight specific factors of IWP, such as the influence of tax and benefit policies, on the persistence and dynamics of in-work poverty, on wage inequalities and household characteristics, on the gender dimension of in-work poverty, on migrants and in-work poverty.

Cross-sectional indicators usually show levels of poverty and in-work poverty (IWP) that have not decreased or which have even increased slightly in recent decades in Europe. Also, differences between countries with respect to relative poverty levels are stable to a large extent. However, since mobility is usually high in these situations, crosssectional indicators provide only limited information. Most poverty episodes are short-lasting while many of the people who have come out of poverty return relatively soon to it. As a consequence, the percentage of persons who experience a period of poverty at some time during their lives is much higher than the percentage of persons affected by poverty in a certain year. Furthermore, those who suffer chronic or persistent poverty situations are a minority. Mobility, recurrence or persistence in poverty situations are not captured by cross-sectional analyses and are fundamental to the understanding of poverty.KeywordsPoverty RateMobility PatternEntry TransitionWork IntensityExit RateThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

SummaryBackgroundChildren exposed to poverty and family adversities including domestic violence, parental mental ill health and parental alcohol misuse may experience poor outcomes across the life course. However, the complex interrelationships between these exposures in childhood are unclear. We therefore assessed the clustering of trajectories of household poverty and family adversities and their impacts on adolescent health outcomes.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort study on 11564 children followed to age 14 years. Family adversities included parent reported domestic violence and abuse, poor mental health and frequent alcohol use. We used a group-based multi-trajectory cluster model to identify trajectories of poverty and family adversity for children. We assessed associations of these trajectories with child physical, mental and behavioural outcomes at age 14 years using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for confounders.FindingsSix trajectories were identified: low poverty and family adversity (43·2%), persistent parental alcohol use (7·7%), persistent domestic violence and abuse (3·4%), persistent poor parental mental health (11·9%), persistent poverty (22·6%) and persistent poverty and poor parental mental health (11·1%). Compared with children exposed to low poverty and adversity, children in the persistent adversity trajectory groups experienced worse outcomes; those exposed to persistent poor parental mental health and poverty were particularly at increased risk of socioemotional behavioural problems (adjusted odds ratio 6·4; 95% CI 5·0 – 8·3), cognitive disability (aOR 2·1; CI 1·5 – 2·8), drug experimentation (aOR 2·8; CI 1·8 – 4·2) and obesity (aOR 1·8; CI 1·3 – 2·5).InterpretationIn a contemporary UK cohort, persistent poverty and/or persistent poor parental mental health affects over four in ten children. The combination of both affects one in ten children and is strongly associated with adverse child outcomes, particularly poor child mental health.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South London (ARC South London) at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Medical Research Council (MRC).

Urban struggles and theorising from Eastern European cities

Working poverty is an increasingly relevant phenomenon in Latin America, yet research on the subject is scarce and mainly focused on national cases. This paper contributes to comparative studies on in-work poverty based on the cases of four countries in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The aim of this article is to analyze the macro and micro drivers of working poverty through harmonized microdata from official household surveys. Using different definitions of working poverty and multivariate analysis, the study finds that economic development and labor and social policies are strongly related to different levels of in-work poverty, and that the micro-drivers of working poverty play a similar role in the four countries.

In-work poverty in Latin America: prevalence, driving forces and trends

IntroductionThe study's purpose was to examine 5‐year colorectal cancer (CRC) survival rates between White and Black patients. We also determined whether regional socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with CRC survival between White and Black patients in the Clayton, West Central, East Central, Southeast, and Northeast Georgia public health districts.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the 1975 to 2016 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The 2015 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Services county typology codes were used to identify region‐level SES with persistent poverty, low employment, and low education. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression were performed.ResultsAmong 10,876 CRC patients (31.1% Black patients), 5‐year CRC survival rates were lower among Black patients compared to White patients (65.4% vs. 69.9%; p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, White patients living in regions with persistent poverty had a 1.1‐fold increased risk of CRC death (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.00–1.25) compared to those living in non‐persistent poverty regions. Among Black patients, those living in regions with low education were at a 1.2‐fold increased risk of CRC death (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01–1.40) compared to those living in non‐low education regions.Discussion and ConclusionsBlack patients demonstrated lower CRC survival rates in Georgia compared to their White counterparts. White patients living in regions with persistent poverty, and Black patients living in regions with low education had an increased risk of CRC death. Our findings provide important evidence to all relevant stakeholders in allocating health resources aimed at CRC early detection and prevention and timely referral for CRC treatment by considering the patient's regional SES in Georgia.

Endometriosis is associated with educational and occupational challenges, including absenteeism and reduced capacity to study and work. We aimed to investigate long-term educational and occupational outcomes among women diagnosed with endometriosis at a young age. We also assessed whether depression, anxiety, and pain affected these outcomes. We conducted a historical, register-based cohort study of 4532 women diagnosed surgically with endometriosis before age 25 between 1987 and 2012, identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Data on education, socioeconomic status, and occupation were available until 2019. We compared outcomes across age groups (25, 26-30, 31-35, and 36-40) between women with endometriosis and references (N = 9014), and within the endometriosis cohort by subtype and mental health status. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed using Pearson's chi-squared and Wilcoxon tests. Occupational attainments were examined using multinomial logistic regression to assess odds ratios (OR) and mediation analysis to assess the contribution of parity, depression, anxiety, and pain. Median age at diagnosis was 22.9 years (interquartile range 21.3-24.1). Follow-up data were available at ages 26 (n = 13 323, 98.4%), 31 (n = 12 465, 92.0%), and 36 (n = 10 293, 76.0%). Across all ages, women with endometriosis more often had primary or secondary education and were employed in lower-level positions (p < 0.001). Ovarian-only endometriosis was associated with a higher likelihood of tertiary education by ages 31-40 (p < 0.001). Women with endometriosis and preindex depression or anxiety had lower education at younger ages and were more often students or pensioners from age 26 onward (p < 0.001). In multinomial regression, women with endometriosis appeared to attain their highest occupational statuses earlier but at a lower level than matched references. Compared to blue-collar workers, they had lower crude odds of being managers and professionals (OR 0.88, 95% CI [0.81-0.96]). But this association reversed when pain was included in the model (OR 1.15, [1.04-1.28]). Depression/anxiety and pain significantly appeared to be mediating factors via suppressing occupational advancement. Endometriosis diagnosed at a young age is associated with lower educational and occupational attainment, highlighting the long-term socioeconomic impacts. Painful subtypes and preexisting depression or anxiety were associated with poorer outcomes.