Abstract
We introduce perturbative spatial frequency domain imaging (p-SFDI) for fast two-dimensional (2D) mapping of the optical properties and physiological characteristics of skin and cutaneous microcirculation using spatially modulated visible light. Compared to the traditional methods for recovering 2D maps through a pixel-by-pixel inversion, p-SFDI significantly shortens parameter retrieval time, largely avoids the random fitting errors caused by measurement noise, and enhances the image reconstruction quality. The efficacy of p-SFDI is demonstrated by in vivo imaging forearm of one healthy subject, recovering the 2D spatial distribution of cutaneous hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, scattering properties, the melanin content, and the epidermal thickness over a large field of view. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial variations in physiological parameters under the forearm reactive hyperemia protocol are revealed, showing its applications in monitoring temporal and spatial dynamics.
Highlights
Biomedical optical imaging and diagnostic methods have been actively pursued in past decades due to some significant advantages, including non-invasiveness, high sensitivity to the chromophore content, and low cost
We have presented perturbative Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) (p-SFDI) for fast two-dimensional mapping of the optical properties and physiological characteristics for skin and cutaneous microcirculation using spatially modulated visible light
One crucial trade-off in demodulation is between spatial resolution and noise suppression
Summary
Biomedical optical imaging and diagnostic methods have been actively pursued in past decades due to some significant advantages, including non-invasiveness, high sensitivity to the chromophore content, and low cost. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) [1] and confocal microscopy (CM) [2] have emerged as high-resolution (e.g., 1-10μm) imaging methods. Their main drawback is the limitation to morphology and imaging depth. Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] has attracted significant attention as one noncontact and wide-field quantitative modality for rapid mapping of optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients) and physiological parameters (hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and the melanin content) of tissue. New fast processing and interpretation of the two-dimensional SFDI measurement for the simultaneous mapping of the optical properties and physiological characteristics are desired, for in vivo clinical applications
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