In Vivo Transplantation of Human Intestinal Organoids Enhances Select Tight Junction Gene Expression

Abstract

BackgroundShort bowel syndrome is a potentially fatal condition with inadequate management options. Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) is a promising solution, but confirmation of TESI function will be crucial before human application. We sought to define intestinal epithelial barrier function in human intestinal organoid (HIO)-derived TESI. Materials and methodsHIOs were generated in vitro from human embryonic stem cells. After 1 mo, HIOs were collected for analysis or transplanted into the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice. Transplanted HIOs (tHIOs) were harvested for analysis at 4 or 8 wk. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescent staining were performed for tight junction components: claudin 3 (CLDN3), claudin 15 (CLDN15), occludin (OCLN), and zonula occludens-1, or tight junction protein-1 (TJP1/ZO-1). ResultsFour-week-old tHIOs demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of CLDN15 (6x), OCLN (4x), and TJP1/ZO-1 (3x) normalized to GAPDH than in vitro HIOs. Eight-week-old tHIOs demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) higher expression levels of CLDN3 (26x), CLDN15 (29x), OCLN (4x), and TJP1/ZO-1 (5x) than in vitro HIOs. There was no significant difference in expression of these tight junction components between 4- and 8-week-old tHIOs. Immunofluorescent staining revealed the presence of claudin 3, claudin 15, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 in both in vitro HIOs and tHIOs; however, the morphology appeared more mature in tHIOs. ConclusionsIn vitro HIOs have lower levels of tight junction mRNA, and tight junction proteins appear morphologically immature. Transplantation facilitates maturation of the HIOs and enhances select tight junction gene expression.