In vivo toxicity assessment of Clinopodium vulgare L. water extract characterized by UHPLC-HRMS

Abstract

Clinopodium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) was used in the traditional Bulgarian medicine for treatment of wounds, diabetes and gastric ulcers. In this study we aimed at safety assessment of C. vulgare lyophilized water extract (CVE) characterized by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography–Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The acute and sub-acute toxicity of CVE was determined in two rodent species (mice and rats), and two routes of administration – intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.). LD50 (i.p.), were found to be 675 mg/kg (mice) and 500 mg/kg (rats). An acute i. p. administration resulted in central nervous system toxic effects. LD50 (p.o.) was higher than 2000 mg/kg for both species. In sub-acute oral administration, CVE did not exert any toxic effect on hematology, blood and urine biochemistry, and histomorphology in pancreas, liver, spleen and kidney. In addition, based on accurate masses, MS/MS and comparison with standards, a variety of flavonoids, caffeic acid oligomers and saponins were tentatively elucidated in CVE. Rosmarinic acid was the major compound. In conclusion, CVE did not cause hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes after oral administration and it is safe for internal use. The obtained UHPLC-HRMS profile revealed CVE as a new rich source of water soluble caffeic acid oligomers.