Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a crucial self-renewal capability involving many complex biological processes. Although transgenic techniques and fluorescence immunohistochemical staining have promoted our understanding of tissue regeneration, simultaneous quantification and visualization of tissue regeneration processes is not easy to achieve. Herein, we developed a simple and quantitative method for the real-time and non-invasive observation of the process of tissue regeneration. The synthesized ratiometric aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) probe exhibits high selectivity and reversibility for pH responses, good ability to map lysosomal pH both in vitro and in vivo, good biocompatibility and excellent photostability. The caudal fin regeneration of a fish model (medaka larvae) was monitored by tracking the lysosomal pH change. It was found that the mean lysosomal pH is reduced during 24–48 hpa to promote the autophagic activity for cell debris degradation. Our research can quantify the changes in mean lysosomal pH and also exhibit its distribution during the caudal fin regeneration. We believe that the AIE-active lysosomal pH probe can also be potentially used for long-term tracking of various lysosome-involved biological processes, such as tracking the stress responses of tissue, tracking the inflammatory responses, and so on.
Highlights
Tissue regeneration is the process of self-renewal and selfrestoration to regrow damaged or lost body parts a er injury.[1]
It was found that the mean lysosomal pH is reduced during 24–48 hpa to promote the autophagic activity for cell debris degradation
The synthetic scheme, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and high-resolution mass spectrum of CSMPP are given in Scheme S1 and Fig. S1–S3 in the Electronic supplementary information (ESI).†
Summary
Pales in comparison to that of some vertebrates like salamanders, zebra sh, Xenopus and so on.[2,3] To facilitate the development of regenerative medicine, many attempts have been made to study the biological processes involved in tissue regeneration by using vertebrate genetic models.[4,5,6,7] Among them, zebra sh and medaka are the widely used ones Their central nervous system, n, heart and kidney can regenerate; in particular, their caudal n can regenerate with unlimited potential a er amputation.[1,8,9,10] They are good genetic model systems,[11,12,13] and are easy to raise in the laboratory. To demonstrate our probe's capability of tracking tissue regeneration, the caudal n of the medaka larva was amputated, and the process of regeneration was monitored by tracking the lysosomal pH change a er amputation
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