Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets has potential to offer life-long blood glucose management in type I diabetes and severe type II diabetes without the need of exogenous insulin administration. However, islet cell therapy suffers from autoimmune and allogeneic rejection as well as non-immune related factors. Non-invasive techniques to monitor and evaluate the fate of cell implants in vivo are essential to understand the underlying causes of graft failure, and hence to improve the precision and efficacy of islet therapy. This review describes how imaging technology has been employed to interrogate the distribution, number or volume, viability, and function of islet implants in vivo. To date, fluorescence imaging, PET, SPECT, BLI, MRI, MPI, and ultrasonography are the many imaging modalities being developed to fulfill this endeavor. We outline here the advantages, limitations, and clinical utility of each particular imaging approach.
Highlights
Moment-to-moment regulation of blood glucose in type I diabetes (T1D) and severe type II diabetes (T2D) patients may be achieved by transplantation of pancreatic islets without the need for exogeneous insulin administration [1,2,3]
PET, SPECT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), and ultrasonography are currently being developed for this specific purpose and, unlike BLI or fluorescence microscopy imaging (FMI), have shown promising potential for clinical translation
Willekens et al [19, 20] used 123I-labeled iodobenzamide (58 MBq) to target D2 receptors expressed by beta cells for serial SPECT, and quantified syngeneic 1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 islet graft volume in the calf muscle of WAG/Rij rats for 10 weeks
Summary
Reviewed by: Martin Gotthardt, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands Zdravka Medarova, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States Shinichi Matsumoto, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. Specialty section: This article was submitted to Clinical Diabetes, a section of the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology. Transplantation of pancreatic islets has potential to offer life-long blood glucose management in type I diabetes and severe type II diabetes without the need of exogenous insulin administration. Islet cell therapy suffers from autoimmune and allogeneic rejection as well as non-immune related factors. Non-invasive techniques to monitor and evaluate the fate of cell implants in vivo are essential to understand the underlying causes of graft failure, and to improve the precision and efficacy of islet therapy. This review describes how imaging technology has been employed to interrogate the distribution, number or volume, viability, and function of islet implants in vivo. We outline here the advantages, limitations, and clinical utility of each particular imaging approach
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