Abstract
Polyprenols of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves (GBP) are a new type of lipid with 14–24 isoprenyl units, which in humans have strong bioactivity like the dolichols. A large amount of work showed that GBP had good antibacterial activity and powerful protective effects against acute hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and alcohol, as well as antitumor activity, but the safety of GBP was not considered. The current study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of these polyprenols. Acute toxicity in mice was observed for 14 days after GBP oral dosing with 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 21.5 g/kg body weight (b. wt.) Further, an Ames toxicity assessment was carried out by plate incorporation assay on spontaneous revertant colonies of TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102, with GBP doses designed as 8, 40, 200, 1000 and 5000 μg/dish, and subchronic toxicity was evaluated in rats for 91 days at GBP doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg b. wt./day. The weight, food intake, hematological and biochemical indexes, the ratio of viscera/body weight, and histopathological examinations of tissue slices of organs were all investigated. The results showed that no animal behavior and appearance changes and mortality were seen during the observation period with 21.5 g/kg GBP dose in the acute toxicity test. Also, no mutagenicity effects were produced by GBP (mutation rate < 2) on the four standard Salmonella strains (p > 0.05) in the Ames toxicity test. Furthermore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of GBP was 2000 mg/kg for 91 days feeding of rats in the subchronic toxicity tests. Results also showed the hematological and biochemical indexes as well as histopathological examination changed within a small range, and all clinical observation indexes were normal. No other distinct impacts on cumulative growth of body weight, food intake and food utilization rate were discovered with GBP. No significant difference was discovered for the rats’ organ weight and the ratio of viscera to body weight (p > 0.05). Reversible pathological changes in the histopathological examinations of tissue slices of organs were not observed. GBP could therefore be considered as a safe material with minor side effects.
Highlights
Plant polyprenols (PP), which exist widely in angiosperms, gymnosperms and fungi germs, etc. [1], are a type of isoprenoid lipid with different isoprene unit chain lengths, which display three structure types: the all trans-(E)-configuration of solanesol, the three trans-(E)-configuration of ficaprenol and the betulaprenol configuration [2]
The polyprenols from G. biloba leaves were analysed by HPLC methods
Pinus needle polyprenols (PNP), which shows no toxicity and safety, have been widely used as the additive in health foods, cosmetics and medicine for 20 years in Russia, Australia, Latvia and Poland, i.e., “ROPREN” preparations had been developed in Russia, and “BIOACTIVER” has been developed by the Solagran Co. in Australia
Summary
Plant polyprenols (PP), which exist widely in angiosperms, gymnosperms and fungi germs, etc. [1], are a type of isoprenoid lipid with different isoprene unit chain lengths, which display three structure types: the all trans-(E)-configuration of solanesol, the three trans-(E)-configuration of ficaprenol and the betulaprenol configuration [2]. Plant polyprenols (PP), which exist widely in angiosperms, gymnosperms and fungi germs, etc. [1], are a type of isoprenoid lipid with different isoprene unit chain lengths, which display three structure types: the all trans-(E)-configuration of solanesol, the three trans-(E)-configuration of ficaprenol and the betulaprenol configuration [2]. Polyprenols are low molecular natural bioreMguolelcautloesr2s01th5,a2t0,pplaagye–paasgiegnificant role in the cellular modulating process referred to as biosynthesis in plants. PPeinuutsicneeefdfelcetpoonlypcraennionles (ePnNtePr)itwise,recannoitnteoxiincfaenctdiovuesryhseapfea,taitcitse,dmpuarrtiinceulahrelypaatsitis, cat inafnetcivtiioraulsaggaesnttrso, eanntdercitliisn,iccaal teixnpfeercitmioeunstsesnhtoewriteids athnadt PpNerPitohnaidtis6,0%bo~v90in%e gleouokdeminhiaib, irtiaobnieasn, dand distemtheprearpveuirtuics e[8ff]e.ct on canine enteritis, canine infectious hepatitis, murine hepatitis, cat infectious. GinBthP,e glietenreartualrley, pcaorntisciusltainrlgy GofBP1,5antod 2n4o GunBPsapturordatuecdts ihsaovperebneeenudneivtes,lobpeeldo.ng to the betulaprenol GBP, generally consisting of 15 to 24 unsaturated isoprene units, belong to the betulaprenol type toyfpeωo-(ftrωa-n(tsr)a2n-(sc)2i-s()cnis-)(nci-s(cαis)αt)yptyepewwithithananEE,E,E-f-afarrnneessyyll rreessiidduuee aatt tthheeωω-e-nedndofotfhethperepnryelnychl acihnain and taenrdmtienramteindabteyd abny iasnopisroepnreenuenuitnbitebaerainrigngaapprirmimaarryy hhyyddrrooxxyyll ggrroouupp, ,aannddhahvaevseimsiimlairlasrtrustcrtuucretus res and baniodacbtiiovaictytivaitsydaoslidcohloiclhsoilns ihnuhmuamnananadndmmamammmaaliliaann oorrggaannss wwhheerreeωωanadndααaraerteertmerimnailnualniutsnits (Figu(rFeig1u)r[e110)].[10].
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