Abstract
High acrylamide (ACR) content in heat-processed carbohydrate-rich foods, as well as roasted products such as coffee, almonds etc., has been found to be as a risk factor for carcinogenicity and genotoxicity by The World Health Organization. Glycidamide (GLY), the epoxide metabolite of ACR, is processed by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system and has also been found to be a genotoxic agent. The aim of this study was to determine whether ACR and/or GLY have any detrimental effect on the meiotic cell division of oocytes. For this purpose, germinal vesicle-stage mouse oocytes were treated with 0, 100, 500, or 1000 μM ACR or 0, 25, or 250 μM GLY in vitro. In vivo experiments were performed after an intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg/day ACR of female BALB/c mice for 7 days. The majority of in vitro ACR-treated oocytes reached the metaphase-II stage following 18 hours of incubation, which was not significantly different from the control group. Maturation of the oocytes derived from in vivo ACR-treated mice was impaired significantly. Oocytes, reaching the M-II stage in the in vivo ACR-treated group, were characterized by a decrease in meiotic spindle mass and an increase in chromosomal disruption. In vitro GLY treatment resulted in the degeneration of all oocytes, indicating that ACR toxicity on female germ cells may occur through its metabolite, GLY. Thus, ACR exposure must be considered, together with its metabolite GLY, when female fertility is concerned.
Highlights
Acrylamide (ACR) is a colorless and odorless industrial compound formed by the hydration of acrylonitrile
There was no significant difference between the control and ACR-treated groups in terms of meiotic resumption of the oocytes (50.0% for 100 μM, p = 0.613; 50.0% for 500 μM, p = 0.705; and 49.4% for 1000 μM, p = 0.373) (Fig 1)
ACR has been declared as a priority existing chemical by numerous governments and organizations such as the United Kingdom, Australia, the World Health Organization (WHO)/Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Joint Commission, the European Union and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [3]
Summary
Acrylamide (ACR) is a colorless and odorless industrial compound formed by the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is widely used in the treatment of wastewater, paper/pulp manufacturing, mining, scientific research, surface coatings, textile and cosmetics [1, 2]. Environmental exposure to ACR may happen either by polymer construction or polymer use [3]. Once taken into the body, approximately 50% of ACR is metabolized to its epoxide metabolite glycidamide (GLY) by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme CYP2E1 [4]. Following ACR exposure, ACR is metabolized to GLY, and both molecules can be found in several tissues in the body [5].
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