Abstract
The effect of synthesis way of TiO2 coatings on biocompatibility of transplanted materials using an in vitro and in vivo rat model was investigated. TiO2 layers were synthesized by a nonaqueous sol‐gel dip‐coating method on stainless steel 316L substrates applying two different precursors and their combination. Morphology and topography of newly formed biomaterials were determined as well as chemical composition and elemental distribution of a surface samples. In vitro tests were conducted by adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on TiO2 coatings and stainless steel without coatings to assess the bioreactivity of obtained materials. A positive biological effect of TiO2/316L/1 coatings—based on titanium(IV) ethoxide—was found in both in vitro and in vivo models. The TiO2/316L/1 exhibited the highest roughness and the lowest titanium concentration in TiO2 than TiO2/316L/2—based on titanium(IV) propoxide and TiO2/316L/3—based on both above‐mentioned precursors. The proper fibroblast‐like morphology and higher proliferation rate of cells cultured on TiO2/316L/1 were observed when compared to the other biomaterials. No inflammatory response in the bone surrounding implant covered by each of the obtained TiO2 was present. Our results showed that improvement of routinely used stainless steel 316L with TiO2/316L/1 layer can stimulate beneficial biological response.
Highlights
One of the most important factors in bone regeneration process is the biocompatibility of transplanted materials
TiO2/316L/1 layer exhibited highest arithmetic average roughness equal to Ra = 210 nm, while TiO2/316L/3 had lowest Ra index (150 nm), which was slightly lower than the Ra of 316L (160 nm)
In the present study we investigated the biological effect of three differently synthesized thin TiO2 layers, using various precursors, and coated on routinely applied stainless steel 316L substrate with known mechanical characteristics using the dip-coating method
Summary
One of the most important factors in bone regeneration process is the biocompatibility of transplanted materials. It implies the proper response of the living tissue to materials implanted, expressed by the lack of allergic, toxic, and/or inflammatory reactions [1]. Among various metallic devices in the field of human orthopedics, stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) is still the most commonly used material. It is usually utilized as a material for short-term implant constructions such as wires, plates, or nails [5]. SS 316L, exposed to the body fluids, releases highly toxic iron ions, which can cause abnormal proliferation and cell differentiation, and in consequence, can lead to the local inflammation, fibrosis, or even necrosis [6]
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