Abstract
Recently, mineral healing clays have gained much attention for wound-dressing applications. Here, we selected halloysite (HAL) clay as a biocompatible, non-toxic material that is useful as a drug delivery system to enhance the healing properties of water-soluble terpenoids 1-3 (T1-3). Terpenoids-loaded HAL clay (TH1-3) was prepared and characterized by adsorption equilibrium studies, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and release studies. The results reveal that T1-3 were adsorbed at the HAL surface with good efficiency. The prevalent mechanism of drug retention is due to the adsorption via electrostatic interactions between the cationic groups of the T1-3 and the HAL’s external surface. Release studies demonstrated that T3 was released in a higher percentage (>60%) compared to T1-2 (≈50%). Additionally, TH1-3 were assessed for their antimicrobial activity and capability to promote the re-epithelialization of scratched HaCat monolayers, through the time-kill test and the wound-healing assays, respectively. The results reveal that all the tested formulations were able to reduce the microbial growth after 1 h of incubation and that they ensured complete wound closure after 48 h. Furthermore, at the concentration of 1 µg/mL, TH3 exhibited 45% wound closure at 24 h, compared to TH1 (27%) and TH2 (30%), proving to be the best candidate in making the tissue-repair process easier and faster.
Highlights
These studies aureus, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Alternaria alternate, and Listeria innocua [11,12,13]. These emphasized the importance of clay minerals, as CAR stability and drugand delivery studies emphasized the importance of clay minerals, as CAR enhancer stability enhancer drug systems potential application in the food hygiene, hygiene, and personal care indeliverywith systems with potential application in packaging, the food packaging, and personal dustries, as they as arethey ableare to able preserve the antimicrobial activityactivity of the loaded compound
Terpenoids 1-3 (T1-3) were synthesized as previously reported [14], and halloysite was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
To understand the effect of TH1-3 in the re-epithelialization and wound healing, cellbased scratch assays with a HaCaT cells monolayer were performed on an in vitro artificial wound model
Summary
Abundant, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic materials able to intercalate and/or adsorb specific molecules in their structure to achieve a drug delivery system with technological benefits [3,4] In this field, halloysite (HAL), an aluminosilicate clay of the kaolin group, was extensively used as carrier of drugs for its advantageous nanosized tubular structure of around 600–800 nm in length and ~0.1 μm in external diameter [5,6]. These studies aureus, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Alternaria alternate, and Listeria innocua [11,12,13] These emphasized the importance of clay minerals, as CAR stability and drugand delivery studies emphasized the importance of clay minerals, as CAR enhancer stability enhancer drug systems potential application in the food hygiene, hygiene, and personal care indeliverywith systems with potential application in packaging, the food packaging, and personal dustries, as they as arethey ableare to able preserve the antimicrobial activityactivity of the loaded compound.
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