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Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate virulence potential of Salmonella enterica strains colonizing the gut of free-living sand lizards (Lacerta agilis L.). The strains belonged to three Salmonella serovars: Abony, Schleissheim, and Telhashomer. Adhesion and invasion abilities of the strains were determined in quantitative assays using the gentamicin protection method. Induction of apoptosis was assessed using HeLa cell monolayers. PCR assays were used for detection of 26 virulence genes localised within mobile elements: pathogenicity islands, virulence plasmids, and prophage sequences. In vitro studies revealed that all strains had adhesion and invasion abilities to human epithelial cells. The isolates were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis of the cells. The serovars differed in the number of virulence-associated genes: up to 18 genes were present in Salmonella Schleissheim, 17 in Salmonella Abony, whereas as few as six genes were found in Salmonella Telhashomer. Generally, Salmonella Abony and Salmonella Schleissheim did not differ much in gene content connected with the presence SPI-1 to -5. All of the strains lacked genes localised within bacteriophages and plasmids. The presence of virulence-associated genes and in vitro pathogenicity assays suggest that Salmonella sp. strains originating from autochthonous, free-living lizards can potentially infect and cause disease in humans.
Highlights
The natural habitat of Salmonella enterica is the intestine of warm-blooded and many cold-blooded vertebrates
S. enterica subsp. enterica comprises as many as 1586 serovars (Issenhuth-Jeanjean et al 2014) including a few host-adapted to humans and some primates
The aim of this study was to estimate adhesion and invasion abilities to human epithelial cells, as well as cytotoxic and apoptotic activities, of Salmonella strains originating from sand lizards (Lacerta agilis L.), and to determine the presence of virulenceassociated genes in their genomes
Summary
The natural habitat of Salmonella enterica is the intestine of warm-blooded and many cold-blooded vertebrates. S. enterica is divided into six subspecies: enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, houtenae, and indica. Enterica cause approximately 99% of Salmonella sp. Infections in humans and warm-blooded animals, resulting in manifestations ranging from asymptomatic carriage to systemic disease (Hoelzer et al 2011; Gal-Mor et al 2014). Extraintestinal disease can lead to bacteraemia and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Enterica comprises as many as 1586 serovars (Issenhuth-Jeanjean et al 2014) including a few host-adapted to humans and some primates Paratyphi) or specific mammals or avian species Enteritidis, tend to cause gastroenteritis in many different host species (Uzzau et al 2000; Boyle et al 2007)
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