Abstract
BackgroundRare earth minerals of the lanthanide series are widely used in the field of medical and clinical application. Gadolinium (Gd), the most preferred rare earth mineral is frequently used as magnets, superconductors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Increasing production of gadolinium waste, known potent toxicity of this element and lack of information on its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prompts health risk assessment on gadolinium. In this study, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Gadolinium (III) chloride (GdCl3) were investigated using MTT assay, Alkaline Comet assay and Micronucleus assay, respectively.ResultsOur results demonstrated that the viability of GdCl3 treated V79–4 cells was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 1.0 mM after 24 h of incubation. However, no IC50 values were obtained. GdCl3 showed no significant (p > 0.05) DNA damage both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. However, it induced significant (p < 0.05) clastogenic effect in V79–4 cells at 1.0 mM in the absence of metabolic activation. The clastogenic effect was also seen in the presence of metabolic activation at 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM.ConclusionTaken together, our study indicated that GdCl3 had no cytotoxic effect and does not induce DNA damage. However, this study supports that GdCl3 is a probable clastogen. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of free gadolinium ion (Gd3+) for risk assessment on human health.
Highlights
In this modern age of globalization and technology, the demand for rare earth minerals has significantly increased throughout the years in developing countries such as Malaysia
Cell culture Chinese hamster lung V79–4 fibroblast cells were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagles’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS)
Thirty microliter of sterile MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was added into each well and the plate was incubated for 4 h. media and MTT solution were removed after 4 h and 200 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added into each well to dissolve the formazan crystals
Summary
MTT viability assay Figure 1 shows the cytotoxic effects of GdCl3 assessed using MTT assay after 24 h of incubation. Following S9 metabolic activation, all three concentrations showed significant difference in percentage frequency of micronucleus formation (p < 0.05) as compared to negative control (Fig. 3). This result indicates that GdCl3 treated V79 cells has clastogenic potential with direct capability to induce chromosomal damage
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