Abstract
This study was investigated to evaluate the antioxidant activity, the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition effect, and the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of hot pepper water extracts both before and after their fermentation. The fermented pepper water extract (FP) showed significantly higher total phenol content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition effect, metal chelating activity and ACE inhibition activity compared to the non-fermented raw pepper water extract (RP) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the FP showed lower α-amylase and higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, but the RP showed similar levels of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Taken together, these results suggested that fermented pepper extract using water should be expected to have potentially inhibitory effects against both hyperglycemia and hypertension.
Highlights
Hypertension is a condition of oxidative stress, a decline in the antioxidant system can be fatal in hypertension patients, which can cause atherosclerosis and other hypertension-induced organ injuries [1]
40 g of powdered pepper was mixed with 1 L of distilled water
Consistent with this study, Sim and Han [30] reported that the amount of phenolic compounds derived from red pepper seed on Kimchi significantly increased during fermentation (p < 0.05)
Summary
Hypertension is a condition of oxidative stress, a decline in the antioxidant system can be fatal in hypertension patients, which can cause atherosclerosis and other hypertension-induced organ injuries [1]. Several researchers have reported the side effects of artificial antioxidants such as potential health hazards, for example, carcinogens [2,3]. Concerns about synthetic products have caused increasing interest in natural antioxidants made from food or other bioresources. There has been active interest in the research-based development of natural antioxidants such as vitamin E and ascorbic acid [3,4,5]. I-converting enzyme (ACE) changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II [6]. There are two kinds of prescription for treating hypertension—angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). ACEI is used first with patients, because ACEI significantly reduces all-cause mortality at a rate greater than that of ARB [8,9]. Lee et al [7] reported that general ACEI—such as captopril, quinapril, enalapril, lisinopril—has side effects such as cough, hypotension, and inflammatory
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