Abstract
In vitro regeneration systems provide a powerful tool for manipulating ploidy to facilitate breeding and development of new crops. Polyploid induction can expand breeding opportunities, assist with the development of seedless triploid cultivars, enhance ornamental characteristics and environmental tolerances, increase biomass and restore fertility in wide hybrids. In vitro ploidy manipulation is commonly induced using antimitotic agents such as colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin, while many other antimitotic agents have been relatively unexplored. Successful induction requires a synergistic pairing of efficient penetration of the antimitotic agent and may be dependent the length of exposure and concentrations of antimitotic agents, tissue types, and interactions with basal media and plant growth regulators. In vitro conditions vary among taxa and individual genera, species, and cultivars, often requiring unique treatments to maximize polyploid induction. In some taxa, the induction of polyploidy influences in vitro growth, development, and root formation. Here we provide an overview of mitotic inhibitors and their application for in vitro ploidy manipulation for plant breeding and crop improvement.
Highlights
Polyploidy, the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes, has long been recognized as a major driver of plant evolution and speciation (Soltis et al, 2009)
The artificial induction of polyploidy can provide a valuable tool to assist with understanding evolutionary processes and to facilitate plant breeding and improvement programs
Studies have shown that mutations to α-tubulin binding sites may alter binding affinities and confer resistance to the dinitroanilines, oryzalin and trfluralin (Anthony and Hussey, 1999; Chu et al, 2018). This may have significance for in vitro ploidy manipulation, as studies have been primarily isolated to oryzalin and trifluralin (Table 1), TABLE 1 | Reported in vitro polyploid induction of diverse crops utilizing varied tissues, antimitotic agents and concentrations, and exposure times
Summary
Polyploidy, the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes, has long been recognized as a major driver of plant evolution and speciation (Soltis et al, 2009). In vitro chromosome doubling has predominantly been induced using the antimitotic agent colchicine. Several antimicrotuble compounds, such as colchicine and oryzalin, have been predominantly used for successful in vitro polyploid induction (Table 2).
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