In vitro permeability of a model protein across ocular tissues and effect of iontophoresis on the transscleral delivery

Abstract

The aim of this work was to study the penetration of cytochrome c, a positively charged model protein (MW 12.4kDa, charge at pH 8.2: +9), across different ocular tissues, and to evaluate the potential of iontophoresis to enhance and control the transscleral transport.The passive transport of cytochrome c across the sclera and across the bilayer choroid-Bruch’s membrane was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells and porcine tissues. The affinity of cytochrome c for melanin was measured by means of in vitro binding experiments. The iontophoretic (anodal) permeation was studied as a function of donor concentration (from 5 to 70mg/ml) and current intensity (from 0.9 to 3.5mA; density from 1.5 to 5.8mA/cm2), and the contribution of electroosmosis on cytochrome c transport was evaluated by using a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran (FD-150, 149kDa) as neutral marker. Finally, the possibility of tuning cytochrome c permeation rate was investigated on a 70mg/ml cytochrome c solution, by alternating passive permeation and iontophoresis at different intensities.Cytochrome c permeated the sclera with a passive permeability coefficient of about 2.5×10−6cm/s, comparable to molecules of similar molecular radius. The choroid-Bruch’s layer was an important barrier to penetration, since its presence reduced 5–7 times the amount permeated after 5h, also because of the presence of melanin that binds cytochrome. Iontophoresis (2.9mA/cm2) enhanced cytochrome c penetration across the sclera at all the concentrations tested, increasing about ten times the amount permeated after 2h. The effect was proportional to current density: the enhancement factor (measured on a 10mg/ml solution), resulted 6.0±4.3 (i=0.9mA; density=1.5mA/cm2), 10.6±4.1 (i=1.75mA; density=2.9mA/cm2), 33.2±8.3 (i=1.75mA; density=5.8mA/cm2). Iontophoretic (density=2.9mA/cm2) experiments performed with FD-150, an electroosmotic flow (EO) marker, demonstrated that cytochrome c, at concentration higher that 1mg/ml, dramatically reduced the EO flow and that, despite the high MW, the main mechanism for cytochrome c iontophoretic permeation is electrorepulsion. Finally, by alternating in the same experiment passive permeation and iontophoresis at different current intensities, a precise modulation of cytochrome c release was obtained, thus indicating the possibility of tuning the release as a function of specific therapeutic needs.