Abstract
3D printed biomaterials have been extensively investigated and developed in the field of bone regeneration related to clinical issues. However, specific applications of 3D printed biomaterials in different dental areas have seldom been reported. In this study, we aimed to and successfully fabricated 3D poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate (3D-PLGA/TCP) and 3D β-tricalcium phosphate (3D-TCP) scaffolds using two relatively distinct 3D printing (3DP) technologies. Conjunctively, we compared and investigated mechanical and biological responses on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Physicochemical properties of the scaffolds, including pore structure, chemical elements, and compression modulus, were characterized. hDPSCs were cultured on scaffolds for subsequent investigations of biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Our findings indicate that 3D printed PLGA/TCP and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds possessed a highly interconnected and porous structure. 3D-TCP scaffolds exhibited better compressive strength than 3D-PLGA/TCP scaffolds, while the 3D-PLGA/TCP scaffolds revealed a flexible mechanical performance. The introduction of 3D structure and β-TCP components increased the adhesion and proliferation of hDPSCs and promoted osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, 3D-PLGA/TCP and 3D-TCP scaffolds, with the incorporation of hDPSCs as a personalized restoration approach, has a prospective potential to repair minor and critical bone defects in oral and maxillofacial surgery, respectively.
Highlights
Oral and maxillofacial bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, and malformations are common clinical scenarios causing physiological and psychological afflictions to the patients
Compared with the C-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) group, increasingly interconnected and homogeneous 3D pore structures were observed in the 3D-poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/TCP
Scaffold, the 3D β-tricalcium phosphate (3D-TCP) scaffold enhanced the expression of ALP activity. These results indicated that the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) favored β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and 3D porous structure content
Summary
Oral and maxillofacial bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, and malformations are common clinical scenarios causing physiological and psychological afflictions to the patients. Many techniques, such as forming, subtractive manufacturing, electrospinning, or combinations of these processes have been applied to fabricate artificial bone substitutes [2,3,4]. These methods have several limitations, for example, low controllability of internal pore design (i.e., pore size, pore-interconnectivity, and tortuosity, etc.) and limitations in creating specific three-dimensional (3D) shapes [1,5]. To overcome the limitations of these methods, 3D printing (3DP)
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