Abstract
BackgroundTwo-part abutments are typically made up of a base composed of titanium and a ceramic build-up. The long-term outcomes are affected by the mechanical durability. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate and compare the retention force of two-part abutment systems with titanium or titanium nitride bases—as fixed with zirconia components and with various surface treatments.MethodsA total of 60 two-part abutments were investigated—with a titanium base (n = 30) or titanium nitride coated bases (n = 30) and bonded with zirconia ceramic build-ups. The bonding surfaces were treated with aluminium oxide blasting, with an average particle size of 110 µm. The titanium bases were then pretreated with Alloy Primer or Clearfil Ceramic Primer. The ceramic build-ups were only treated with Clearfil Ceramic Primer. For twenty test specimens, no chemical pretreatment was performed. Test specimens were classified into six groups in accordance with the pretreatment (A–F; n = 10). A resin-based luting agent was employed to attach the two parts. Specimens were then subjected to artificial thermal aging (104 cycles with 5 °C/55 °C). The retention force between the two parts was then investigated with a pull-off test. The findings were analyzed by ANOVA statistics. Fracture patterns were examined by electron microscopy.ResultsIn the absence of primer, titanium nitride coated bases gave significantly greater retention forces than other samples (p < 0.05). Chemical preconditioning with silane coupling agents did not effect on the retention force of coated bases.ConclusionsThe results of the current study suggested that modifying metal surfaces by coating the base with titanium nitride not only has esthetic and biological advantages, but also enhances the mechanical properties of the adhesive bond of two-part abutments.
Highlights
Two-part abutments are typically made up of a base composed of titanium and a ceramic build-up
There is no published study which evaluates the influence of titanium nitride coating on the retention force to dental ceramic in two-part abutment systems— as this approach might lead to two-part abutments which are both esthetically attractive and mechanically stable
Test specimens All specimens consisted of standardized titanium bases or titanium nitride coated bases (S 1020, Medentika, Hügelsheim, Germany) and zirconia ceramic build-ups, produced by computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) (CADSPEED GmbH, Nienhagen, Germany) from a presintered yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia ceramic (Y-TZP) material (Zirkon Biostar, Siladent, Goslar, Germany) and with a customized design for the subsequent pull-off tensile test [20]
Summary
Two-part abutments are typically made up of a base composed of titanium and a ceramic build-up. Another critical point is that abutments composed of dental ceramics cannot be produced with the same fitting accuracy as titanium ones, so that there may be marginal misfit—with negative consequences such as micromotion, screw loosening and increasing microgap between implant and abutment [8,9,10,11] For this reason, two-part abutment systems could be a good alternative, as they are composed of an individually fabricated, esthetic ceramic superstructure fixed with a resin-based luting agent onto a standardized stable titanium base [12, 13]. There is no published study which evaluates the influence of titanium nitride coating on the retention force to dental ceramic in two-part abutment systems— as this approach might lead to two-part abutments which are both esthetically attractive and mechanically stable. It would be interesting if titanium nitride coating provides an esthetically pleasing result with good mechanical properties for one-part abutments, and if it can optimize the retention force in two-part abutments
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