In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential of derivatives eugenol via ABTS radical capture assay

본 연구는 한방스킨의 원료로 널리 사용되고 있는 8가지 생약의 휘발성증류추출액 중 항산화 및 항염증활성이 가장 강한 정향의 증류추출액으로부터 주된 향기성분을 SDE법으로 추출한 후 GC-MS로 확인하였으며, 주된 향기성분인 eugenol과 그 유도체를 합성한 후 항산화 및 항염증활성을 측정하고 비교하였으며, 아울러 HPLC를 이용하여 정향의 eugenol 및 그 유도체를 정량분석 하였다. 8가지 생약의 휘발성증류추출액 중 정향의 증류추출액이 가장 강한 항산화활성(ICsub50/sub=8.85 μg/mL) 및 COX-2 저해활성(10 μg/mL 농도에서 저해율은 58.15%)을 나타내었으며, 반면 15-LOX 저해활성(25 μg/mL 농도에서 저해율은 86.15%)은 당귀 다음으로 가장 높았다. 정향 증류추출액의 휘발성 향기성분을 SDE법으로 추출한 후 GC-MS를 이용하여 분석한 결과, eugenol, trans-caryophyllene 및 acetyl eugenol을 확인하였다. 한편, eugenol 및 그 유도체(methyl eugenol 및 acetyl eugenol)의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 측정한 결과, eugenol(ICsub50/sub=5.99 μg/mL)이 가장 높은 항산화활성을 나타낸 반면, methyl eugenol 및 acetyl eugenol은 거의 활성을 나타내지 않았다. COX-2의 경우 20 μg/mL 농도에서 eugenol(85.35%)이 가장 강한 저해활성을 나타낸 반면, 15-LOX는 20 μg/mL 농도에서 methyl eugenol(83.29%)이 가장 높은 저해활성을 나타내었다. 정향 에탄올추출물의 eugenol 및 유도체의 함량을 HPLC로 분석한 결과, eugenol 및 acetyl eugenol이 각각 6.95%, 1.85% 함유되어 있었으며 methyl eugenol은 검출되지 않았다. 이와 같이 정향 유래의 eugenol 및 그 유도체는 안전성이 문제시되고 있는 합성항산화제 및 항염증제를 대체할 수 있는 천연 유래의 항산화 및 항염증물질로서 잠재적 가치가 있어 향후 기능성식품, 화장품 및 의약품 소재로 널리 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Plant species like Azadirachta indica (locally known as 'neem'), Bauhinia variegata (locally known as 'kachnar'), Dalbergia sissoo (locally known as 'tahli'), Psidium guajava (locally known as 'amrood') and Syzygium cumini (locally known as 'jamun') are known for their role in traditional systems of medicine for treatment of diabetes and other diseases in India and other countries. The present study was designed to compare antioxidant and antidiabetic potential among methanolic leaf extracts of A. indica, B. variegata, D. sissoo, P. guajava and S. cumini employing in vitro assays. In addition, this study also deals with quantitative analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents in the extracts. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of above five plant species were determined by 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS), 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging assays whereas the antidiabetic potential of all the extracts was determined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. On the basis of EC50 values of different leaf extracts analysed for their antioxidant activity in three assays, leaf extracts of B. variegata and S. cumini were shown to present better antioxidant activity mainly in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays. EC50 values for leaf extract of B. variegata were 31.19 ± 4.15 and 28.82 ± 4.42 and for S. cumini were 13.64 ± 10.39 and 30.19 ± 6.82 in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays respectively. Similarly, these extracts also demonstrated better antidiabetic activity in both α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays with IC50 of 27.28 ± 6.11 and 24.69 ± 0.91 for B. variegata and 48.34 ± 1.62 and 30.15 ± 0.80 for S. cumini in respective assays. The study demonstrated that leaf extracts of B. variegata and S. cumini showed better antioxidant potential than other plant species studied in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays. These extracts also showed better antidiabetic potential in both α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays as compared to other extracts.

Background: The present research work is focused on the development of alternative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The review of the literature reveals that many benzofused thiazole analogues have been used as lead molecules for the design and development of therapeutic agent, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral. The synthesized benzofused thiazole derivatives are evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities and molecular docking study. Thus, the present research work aims to synthesize benzofused thiazole derivatives and to test their antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. Objective: To design and synthesize an alternative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods: The substituted benzofused thiazoles 3a-g were prepared by cyclocondensation reaction of appropriate carboxylic acid with 2-aminothiophenol in POCl3 and heated for about 2-3 h to offer benzofused thiazole derivatives 3a-g. All the newly synthesized compounds were in vitro screened for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities by using a known literature method. Results: At the outset, the study of in vitro indicated that the compounds code 3c, 3d and 3e possessed distinct anti-inflammatory activity as compared to a standard reference. All the tested compounds show potential antioxidant activity against one or more reactive (H2O2, DPPH, SO and NO) radical scavenging species. Additionally, docking simulation is further performed to the position of compounds 3d & 3e into the anti-inflammatory active site to determine the probable binding model. Conclusion: New anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents were needed; it has been proved that benzofused thiazole derivatives were 3c, 3d and 3e constituted as an interesting template for the evaluation of new anti-inflammatory agents and an antioxidant’s work also may provide an interesting template for further development.

In the ancient time Eucalyptus globulus used for the various purpose. It is a tall and an evergreen tree that can grow up to the height of 70m and its diameter is about 4 to 7 ft. Which was first found on the island of Tasmania in 1792 which associate to the Myrtaceous family which is commonly called as Tasmanian Blue Gum, southern blue gum or blue gum are the different names of eucalyptus globulus grow in the various parts of India. The particular species of Eucalyptus globulus have been used for various purposes. It had been found that eucalyptus is a rich source of phytochemical constituent and also possesses medicinal use. Phytochemical analysis of this plant has revealed that Mother tincture extracted from leaf contain 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, p-cymene, cryptone and spathulenol. Due to these chemical compounds, Eucalyptus glabrous is found to be a potential anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-nociceptive and anti-oxidant agent of nature. Some recent scientific investigations have also revealed that essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus also have anti-diabatic potentials that enhances its market value due to excessive usage in number of pharmaceutical products of traditional and advanced system of medicines. The aim of this review paper is compiling all the information about Eucalyptus Globulus such as Decongestant, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti-nociceptive, Antimicrobial, Anti-fungal, Antiviral and Anti-oxidant agent of the nature with Acute Case Records & So that which can be used effectively in Treatment of Patients of Acute Viral Conditions like URTI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection), Influenza, COVID-19, Common Cold etc.

Background Inorganic metal nanoformulations are potential therapeutic agents for a variety of biomedical applications, particularly as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The main objective of this study was to synthesize copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) and evaluate their efficiency as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Methods CuS NPs were prepared in a single step process using l-ascorbic acid as the stabilizing agent. Systematic structural and morphological characterization was performed using standard techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, agar well disk-diffusion method was applied for determination of the antibacterial sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CuS NPs against multiple pathogenic bacterial strains. Their antioxidant potential was evaluated as total reduction capability, and nitric oxide (NO) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities at multiple doses, with l-ascorbate as the reference. Results The results indicated amorphous nature of the CuS NPs with the size range of 8.17–9.63 nm. FT-IR confirmed presence of several bioactive functional groups required for the reduction of copper ions. Additionally, CuS NPs showed robust antibacterial activities against bacterial species such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the agar well diffusion assays, with zone of inhibition values ranging between 21 and 23 mm. CuS NPs also showed potent dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Conclusion CuS NPs prepared in this study in a cost- and time-efficient manner have excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties with the potential to be used for different biomedical applications.

Synthesis of zinc oxide based etoricoxib and montelukast nanoformulations and their evaluation through analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and acute toxicity activities

Identification and optimization of piperlongumine analogues as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents via activation of Nrf2.

Synthesis and assessment of phenylacrylamide derivatives as potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

A new series of N′-(substituted phenyl)-2-(1-(4-(methylsulfinyl) benzylidene)−5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl) acetohydrazide derivatives (1 – 25) were prepared in good yields in an efficient manner. All the compounds were fully characterised by the elemental analysis and spectral data. Synthesised compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. Compounds 7 (R = 3-methoxyphenyl), 3 (R = 4-dimethylaminophenyl) and 23 (R = 2,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl) substitutions were found to be having highly potent antioxidant activity. Compound 3, with para dimethylaminophenyl substitution was found to be having highest antioxidant activity. It was further evaluated in vivo for various analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic and COX-2 inhibitory activity in different animal models. Lead compound 3 was found to be significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. It was also evaluated for ulcerogenic activity and demonstrated significant ulcerogenic reduction activity in ethanol and indomethacin model. The LD50 of compound 3 was found to be 131 mg/kg. The animals treated with compound 3 prior to cisplatin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression when compared to cisplatin-treated group. Sulindac derivative with para dimethylaminophenyl substitution was found to be the most potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent as well as with significant gastric sparing activity as compared to standard drug sulindac. Compound 3 significantly downregulated liver tissue COX‐2 gene expression.

Background: The semi-synthesis of drugs from natural products is still limited and complicated. Recently, there has been compelling global need to develop novel and potential antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Objectives: The current study aimed at semi-synthesizing new derivatives from naringin, to verify their chemical structures and assess their antibacterial and antioxidant potentials. Methods: The semi-synthesis of naringin was conducted in the presence of hydrazone and oxime derivatives in acidic solution, while elemental and spectral analytical methods were used to verify the chemical structures of the semi-synthesized molecules. Also, to assess their antibacterial activity, the micro-broth dilution method with different American type culture collection (ATCC) strains as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and clinical isolate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were utilized. Moreover, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the derived compounds. Results: Three new hydrazone and oxime compounds were semi-synthesized from naringin and their chemical structures were identified by 13C NMR, IR, MS, and 1H NMR. Among the semi-synthesized compounds, the (2a) molecule showed the best antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL. Also, this compound exhibited the best antioxidant activity with IC50 3.7 μg/mL, in comparison with the other studied samples. Conclusions: Hydrazone (2a) compound could be used as a potent antioxidant and bacterial agent. Further studies are required to investigate other therapeutic effects of the (2a) molecule.

A new series of 4-hydroxy-3-(2-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives (4a-4e) was synthesized by the hybrid approach and evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial results revealed that derivatives 4d and 4e exhibited superior activity compared to ciprofloxacin, a commonly used standard antibacterial agent. These findings highlight the promising pharmacological profile of the synthesized coumarin-oxadiazole hybrids, particularly as potent antibacterial and antioxidant agents, which warrants further investigation for potential therapeutic applications.. KEYWORDS :4-Hydroxy-2H-chromene-2-one, 1,3-4-Oxadiazole, Radical scavenging, Antibacterial activity.

Study of Microencapsulated Bioactive Compounds in Food Products

Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and its complications, including diabetic nephropathy. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) alters renal metabolic pathways, leading to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrosis, ultimately resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Studies have shown that exogenous antioxidants can improve the pathophysiological condition of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Objective: This systematic review aims to investigate the types of antioxidant agents that inhibit the development of diabetic nephropathy and the effectiveness of antioxidant agent interventions to repair kidney structure and function. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials that examined the role of antioxidants in improving diabetic nephropathy was conducted. The literature search was performed on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO. The inclusion criteria covered articles on the antioxidant activity of herbal extracts and compounds that inhibit the progression of diabetic nephropathy in humans. In addition, the articles were written in English and published between 2012 and 2022. The reporting of the systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. The full texts of all potentially relevant systematic reviews were assessed for quality using the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. A total of 2,367 articles were identified in the three databases, of which only 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Antioxidant agents that inhibit diabetic nephropathy can be classified as single antioxidants (silymarin, baicalin, epigallocatechin gallate, vitamin E, selenium, curcumin, α-lipoic acid, and tocotrienol-rich vitamin E) and combined antioxidants (α-lipoic acid with vitamin B6, and resveratrol with losartan). Antioxidant agents have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, but their role in the progression of fibrosis remains unclear. The oxidative stress marker MDA was significantly reduced by silymarin, curcumin, vitamin E, tocotrienol-rich vitamin E, selenium, ALA, vitamin B, resveratrol and losartan. Silymarin was found to be the most effective (-3.43 µmol/L; 6.02 to 0.83). Compared to silymarin and epigallocatechin gallate, vitamin E was more effective (at -35.4 ng/L; P < 0.001) in reducing inflammation by decreasing TNF-α levels. In addition, tocotrienol-rich vitamin E, silymarin, baicalin, and selenium showed a decrease TGF-β levels, but did not show statistically significant differences between the placebo and intervention groups. Potential antioxidant agents, such as flavonoids, vitamins, fatty acids, and antioxidant minerals, were examined in this systematic review. These agents contribute to reducing markers of oxidative stress and hyperglycemia-induced inflammation. Although several antioxidants play a role in reducing fibrosis markers, the effect does not appear to be statistically significant.

Eugenol, obtained from clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), possess several biological activities. It is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anaesthesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet, anti-anaphylactic, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, antibacterial, antidepressant, antifungal and antiviral. The anti-oxidant activity of eugenol have already been proven. From this perspective testing, a series of planned structural derivatives of eugenol were screened to perform structural optimization and consequent increase of the potency of these biological activities. In an attempt to increase structural variability, 16 compounds were synthesized by acylation and alkylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Anti-oxidant activity capacity was based on the capture of DPPH radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS radical 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), measure of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive species), total sulfhydryl and carbonyl content (eugenol derivatives final concentrations range from 50 to 200 μm). Four derivatives presented an efficient concentration to decrease 50% of the DPPH radical (EC50 ) < 100 μm, which has a good potential as a free-radical scavenger. Three of these compounds also showed reduction of ABTS radical. Eugenol derivatives presenting alkyl or aryl (alkylic or arylic) groups substituting hydroxyl 1 of eugenol were effective in reducing lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage by carbonyl formation and increase total thiol content in cerebral cortex homogenates. In liver, the eugenol derivatives evaluated had no effect. Our results suggest that these molecules are promising anti-oxidants agents.

BackgroundPlants of the genus Markhamia have been traditionally used by different tribes in various parts of West African countries, including Cameroun. Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. (Bignoniaceae) is used as an antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer agent. The current study was undertaken in order to investigate its anti-amnesic and antioxidant potential on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment and to determine its possible mechanism of action.MethodsRats were pretreated with the aqueous extract (50 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.), for 10 days, and received a single injection of scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg, i.p.) before training in Y-maze and radial arm-maze tests. The biochemical parameters in the rat hippocampus were also assessed to explore oxidative status. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. F values for which p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.ResultsIn the scopolamine-treated rats, the aqueous extract improved memory in behavioral tests and decreased the oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus. Also, the aqueous extract exhibited anti-acetylcholinesterase activity.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the aqueous extract ameliorates scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment by attenuation of the oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus.