Abstract
Background: Prebiotics used as a dietary supplement, stimulate health-related gut microbiota (e.g., bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, etc.). This study evaluated potential prebiotic effects of an artichoke aqueous dry extract (AADE) using in vitro gut model based on the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Methods: Short-term colonic fermentations (48 h) of AADE, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and a blank were performed. Microbial metabolites were assessed at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h of colonic incubation via measuring pH, gas pressure, lactate, ammonium, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels. Community composition was assessed via targeted qPCRs. Results: After 24 and 48 h of incubation, bifidobacteria levels increased 25-fold with AADE (p < 0.05) and >100-fold with FOS (p < 0.05) compared to blank. Lactobacillus spp. levels only tended to increase with AADE, whereas they increased 10-fold with FOS. At 6 h, pH decreased with AADE and FOS and remained stable until 48 h; however, gas pressure increased significantly till the end of study. Acetate, propionate, and total SCFA production increased significantly with both at all time-points. Lactate levels initially increased but branched SCFA and ammonium levels remained low till 48 h. Conclusion: AADE displayed prebiotic potential by exerting bifidogenic effects that stimulated production of health-related microbial metabolites, which is potentially due to inulin in AADE.
Highlights
Human gut microbiota consist of over 35,000 bacterial strains, encompassing beneficial and pathogenic species; the predominance of positively affecting microbes ensure our well-being [1]
Human gut microbiota are dominated by two main phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes that are susceptible to alterations
We aimed to evaluate the prebiotic effects of artichoke aqueous dry extract (AADE) through an in vitro approach of highly controlled conditions using short-term colonic incubations based on the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME® ) model [18]
Summary
Human gut microbiota consist of over 35,000 bacterial strains, encompassing beneficial and pathogenic species; the predominance of positively affecting microbes ensure our well-being [1]. Human gut microbiota are dominated by two main phyla, Firmicutes (including Lactobacillus spp.) and Bacteroidetes that are susceptible to alterations. As prebiotics alter microbiota positively, their use as dietary supplements could effectively improve overall host health [6]. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotics that are plant-derived, naturally occurring oligosaccharides, indigestible by human enzymes, and can reach the colon unaltered [7]. Prebiotics used as a dietary supplement, stimulate health-related gut microbiota (e.g., bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, etc.). Microbial metabolites were assessed at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h of colonic incubation via measuring pH, gas pressure, lactate, ammonium, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels.
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