Abstract
Pharmaceutical effluents collected from Bompai industrial area, Kano State were assessed for their physiochemical parameters, heavy metals and effect on haematology and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus. Laboratory analyses were performed using standard methods in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Five test solutions of the effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% v/v) were prepared for LC50 96hr acute toxicity test. The LC50 for 96hr was 48.7% concentration of effluents by volume. Experimental fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0.00% 2.43% (5/100 LC50), 12.17% (25/100 LC50), 24.35% (50/100 LC50) and 36.52% (75/100 LC50) for 28days. Physicochemical parameters recorded were higher than WHO recommended Standard with the exception of water temperature. Heavy metals concentrations decreased in the order of Cr > Cu > Pd > Cd. Red blood Cells count, haemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volume, lymphocytes and monocytes of the experimental fish decline significantly (p<0.05) when exposed with 2.43, 12.17, 24.35, 36.52% effluents compared to the control. White blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations, neutrophils and eosinophils were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control. However, a significant increase (P<0.05) in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were recorded as the exposure period continued when compared with control. It is concluded that the effluents induces haematological and biochemical alterations. It is therefore recommended that regulatory bodies should adopt holistic approach on the aquatic pollution abatement, bearing in mind the negative impact to non-target organisms.
Highlights
Continuous contamination of aquatic environment globally is attributed to the illegal discharge of industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural waste (Hosnia et al, 2015 and Alimba et al, 2017)
Due to the discharge of untreated effluent into the water bodies, many aquatic environments in Nigeria have been reported to be polluted with pharmaceutical effluents, heavy metals, pesticides among other toxicants which alter the natural integrity of water and the physiological functions of the biota (Kanu and Achi, 2011 and Ado et al, 2014)
Physicochemical and Heavy metals parameters The mean values of physicochemical parameters of the of pharmaceutical effluents revealed that pH had 9.6, Electrical conductivity (1879μS/cm), Dissolved Oxygen (3.4mg/L), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (4.7mg/L), Total Dissolved Solids (675.3mg/L), water temperature (28.4°C) and turbidity (27.4)
Summary
Continuous contamination of aquatic environment globally is attributed to the illegal discharge of industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural waste (Hosnia et al, 2015 and Alimba et al, 2017). Due to the discharge of untreated effluent into the water bodies, many aquatic environments in Nigeria have been reported to be polluted with pharmaceutical effluents, heavy metals, pesticides among other toxicants which alter the natural integrity of water and the physiological functions of the biota (Kanu and Achi, 2011 and Ado et al, 2014). Haematological parameters indicate different sensitivity to many environmental factors such as discharge from industries, domestic and natural input (Gabriel et al, 2011 and Akinrotimi et al, 2013). Akinrotimi and Amachree (2016) opined that when water quality is affected by toxicants, any physiological alterations will be reflected in the haematological values of the aquatic biota Haematological parameters indicate different sensitivity to many environmental factors such as discharge from industries, domestic and natural input (Gabriel et al, 2011 and Akinrotimi et al, 2013). Akinrotimi et al (2013) reported that haematological indices in fish culture is rapidly use in recent times for fish health conditions, toxicological survey and environmental monitoring. Akinrotimi and Amachree (2016) opined that when water quality is affected by toxicants, any physiological alterations will be reflected in the haematological values of the aquatic biota
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