Abstract
Objective: The primary purpose of this study is to characterize Codium edule crude sulfated polysaccharide (CSP) and its fractions and to determineits potential antiproliferative and apoptotic properties.Methods: The CSP was obtained through hot water extraction followed by precipitation with absolute ethanol. CSP was further purified using ionexchangechromatography, Sepharose DEAE Fast Flow column and yielded three fractions (F1, F2, and F3). The CSP and fractions were characterizedfor their sulfate, protein, carbohydrate, and uronic acid content. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to determine thefunctional groups present in CSP and SP fractions. Antiproliferative activity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) was analyzed using MTTassay with doxorubicin as positive control. Apoptotic activity of C. edule was analyzed using caspase 3/7 and annexin V-FITC assay.Results: CSP afforded 6.3% sulfate, 4.1% protein, and 68.7% carbohydrate. F1 has the highest content of sulfate, protein, carbohydrate, and uronicacid among the fractions. FT-IR shows a broadband around 3400 cm−1 indicates the presence of hydroxyl stretching vibration of polysaccharide (-OH)and a band at 2922 cm−1 suggests a C-H stretch (alkane). 1658 cm−1 may be attributed to the C=O stretches of amide C=N group. Peak around 1259 cm−1is a characteristic band for S=O sulfate ester. The antiproliferative activity of C. edule against MCF-7 showed significant difference in the mean percentinhibition between CSP and F3 (p=0.001), F1 and F3 (p≤0.001), F2 and doxorubicin (p=0.025), and F3 and doxorubicin (p≤0.000). F1 of C. edule hasthe lowest IC50 of 5.54 μg/ml and displayed apoptotic phase and caspase 3/7 activity.Conclusion: The investigation revealed that SP from green seaweed, C. edule, could be used as potential anticancer treatment against breast canceradenocarcinoma.
Highlights
Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are used for scientific research in the discovery of chemotherapeutic drugs due to their antiproliferative effects [1]
Sulfate content determination of crude SP and SP fractions Determination of the sulfate content of the crude sulfated polysaccharide (CSP) of C. edule was obtained by ashing-water digestion ion chromatography method
The band around 1022 cm−1 indicates D-glucose while 1259 cm−1 corresponds to ester sulfate groups [20]. These results suggest that CSP of C. edule has glucose and ester sulfate group, which are characteristic components of SPs in seaweeds
Summary
Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are used for scientific research in the discovery of chemotherapeutic drugs due to their antiproliferative effects [1]. Cancer is considered as one of the most lethal diseases which may threaten human life [2]. The defining characteristics of cancer are due to its capability to invade and metastasize, wherein through genetic mutation, the normal cells transform into malignant or cancerous cell, proliferate rapidly, invade its surrounding tissue, and migrate in lymphatic system [3]. Chemotherapeutic regimen is considered the main choice in treating different cases of cancer. The long- term use of chemotherapeutic agents may cause cumulative toxicity which may result in myelosuppression. It is beneficial to discover a novel, effective, and non-toxic compounds from natural products that have the potential to be used as an alternative to chemotherapy to reduce the undesirable side effects [2]
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