In vitro cytotoxic activity of Zaleya Pentandra L. Extracts against the breast cancer adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7.

IntroductionBecause of resistance and side effects to common antifungal drugs activity, the research on herbal substances with antifungal activity is frequent. Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) is a member of Verbenaceae family. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-candida activities of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the lemon verbena leaves and compare them with nystatin and fluconazole.MethodsIn this 2015 study, 15 clinical isolates and standard strain of candida albicans PTCC 5027 were used, and the inhibitory effects of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, Nystatin and Fluconazole, were evaluated using disk and well diffusion methods. Also, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Five concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts (156–2500 μg/ml), Nystatin (8–128 μg/ml) and Fluconazole (4–64 μg/ml) were used in disk and well diffusion methods, and nine concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts (19–5000 μg/ml), Nystatin (0.5–128 μg/ml), and Fluconazole (0.25–64 μg/ml) were applied for MIC. Data were analyzed using Tukey’s post-hoc and one-way ANOVA tests. The significant level was considered p < 0.05 in the current study.ResultsIn the well and disk diffusion techniques, limited growth inhibition halos were produced around some clinical isolates at different concentrations of ethanolic extract; however, no growth inhibitory halo was observed with any concentrations of the aqueous extract. The MIC values of ethanolic extract, aqueous extract, Nystatin and Fluconazole for clinical isolated and standard strain were 833 ± 78.5and 625μg/ml; 4156 ± 67.4 and 2500 μg/ml; 10.13 ± 1.91 and 4 μg/ml; and 1.97 ± 0.25 and 1 μg/ml, respectively.ConclusionThe results showed that the ethanolic extract was stronger than the aqueous extract of this plant, which can be used as an alternative for drugs. It is recommended that the ethanolic extract of this plant be investigated in vivo for better evaluation of its efficacy and properties.

Background: Traditional medicine has employed Azadirachta indica to treat a variety of ailments. However, there is little information on the use of this plant in Zambia. Objective: To evaluate the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts against Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods: This was a laboratory-based experimental study in which ethanol and water were used for extraction by maceration. Phytochemical analysis was then done on the leaf extract. Using the disc diffusion method, varying concentrations of A. indica aqueous and ethanolic extracts were used to test the antibacterial activity of A. indica against Escherichia coli. The sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts was shown by zones of inhibition after incubation. Results: The phytochemical screening of the A. indica leaves revealed the presence of phenolics and tannins in both the ethanol and aqueous extract. Saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were only present in the aqueous extract. While steroids were only present in the ethanol extract. The antibacterial activity of A. indica leaves extract was determined by zones of inhibition which showed that both aqueous and ethanol extracts had activity against E. coli. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined at 10 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 20 mg/mL for the ethanol extract. The zones of inhibition increased with concentration. Conclusion: The extracts of A. indica displayed antibacterial activity against E. coli in a dose-dependent manner. Comparatively, the aqueous extract produced better antibacterial properties against E. coli than the ethanolic extract.

Asphodelus fistulosus (A. fistulosus) is a wild plant grows in Jordan. Traditionally, it is used to treat different medical conditions and diseases such as respiratory ailments, against burns and dermatomucosal infections.This study aims to find out the effects of A. fistulosus aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts on Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) as gram positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) as gram negative bacteria and to investigate which one will be affected either by aqueous and/or ethanolic crude extracts of A. fistulosus shooting parts that were collected from Jerash in the north of Jordan. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude extracts. In addition, MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) as well as MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined against both types of bacteria. The results showed that flower aqueous extract of A. fistulosus was very effective against E. coli (20.0 ± 0.50) mm and caused a (14.0 ± 0.50) mm inhibition to S. aureus. The ethanolic extract of stem was very effective cauesed a (19.0 ± 0.50) mm inhibition in both bacterial species. Respectively, both S. aureus and E. coli were inhibited by ethanolic and aqueous extracts (mixture1 and mixture2) (15.0 ± 0.00 mm and 10.5 ± 0.50 mm). The highest antimbacterial activity was observed for the leaves aqueous extract against E.coli (0.06120 mg/mL). The obtained MIC values from A. fistulosus parts extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity ranged between 7.606 and 0.06120 mg/mL. The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in the leaves aqueous extract against E. coli.The MBC value of stem aqueous extract was 5.00 mg/mL against both S. aureus and E. coli. On the other hand, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves gave MBC values 5.00 mg/mL, and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively, against E. coli.Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is good inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic of A. fistulosus shooting parts extracts on growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Adding to that, stem ethanolic extract has the most effective against S. aureus while aqueous extract of flower has the most effective against E. coli.So, it is recommended to have further future studies on the A. fistulosus shooting parts crude extract bioactive components and the mechanism of how these constituents affect these types of bacteria.

Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and antioxidant potentials of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca vis-a-vis standard antioxidants. Study Design: True experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin City. Nigeria, between August and October 2015. Methodology: Samples were harvested, air dried, pulverized and extracted with aqueous and absolute ethanol; freeze dried at the National energy commission centre, University of Benin. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method, tannin determined according to Folin and Denis methods while flavonoids content was determined according to the methods described by Ebrahimzadeh et al. DPPH radical scavenging activity was conducted based on the ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a stable free radical, to decolorize in the presence of antioxidants. Reducing power activity of extracts was conducted based on test samples extract’ Original Research Article Osagie-Eweka et al.; EJMP, 13(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.EJMP.24736 2 ability to reduce ferricyanide to ferrocyanide indicated in the colour change. Total antioxidant activity of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts was determined based on the ability of the sample to reduce the ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe (III)-TPTZ) complex to ferrous tripyridyltriazine (Fe(II)-TPTZ) at low pH. Hydroxyl radical activity of extracts was conducted on the principle based on the ability of test samples to reduce H2O2 in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline. Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity of extracts was conducted based on the ability of test sample to scavenge 2,2’azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical generated based on the principle of decolourization. Nitric oxide (NO.) radical scavenging activity of S, glauca leaf extracts was estimated based on the ability of test samples to scavenge radicals generated by the reaction of naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Butylated hydroxytuolene (BHT), Ascorbate, Quercetin and Trolox were standard antioxidant. Results: DPPH radical scavenging activity yielded aqueous and ethanol extracts IC50 values of 3.2144 and 4.9100 μg/ml respectively. Reducing power activity yielded (aqueous and ethanol extracts) EC50 of values 60.3233 and 60.1000 μg/ml respectively. Total antioxidant activity yielded (ethanol and aqueous extracts) IC50 values of 52.4320 and 68.8201 μg/ml respectively. Hydroxyl radical activity yielded (ethanol and aqueous extracts) IC50 values of 49.3130 and 50.2341 μg/ml respectively. Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity yielded (ethanol and aqueous extracts) IC50 values of 45.2015 and 52.0721 μg/ml respectively. Nitric oxide scavenging activity yielded aqueous IC50 value of 14.2102 μg/ml but ethanol extract yielded no inhibition concentration at 50 percent. Conclusion: The study showed that aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of S. glauca demonstrated substantial amount of biochemically valuable phytochemicals and antioxidant potential capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species.

The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has lead to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. The medicinal properties shown by different medicinal plants are due to the phytochemicals present in the plant. These phytochemicals are the most vital sources for the treatment of destructive diseases. Different phytochemicals have an extensive range of activities, which helps to enhance the immune system and give resistance against long term disease to protect the body from harmful pathogens. To determine the antibacterial activity of <i>Citrus sinensis</i> and <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> on wound isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria was the main purpose of this study. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of powdered <i>C. sinensis</i> peel and fresh fruit of <i>S. lycopersicum</i> were used for the qualitative measurement of various phytochemicals present in these plants. The phytochemical screening of the extracts yielded positive results for carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpene, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Wound swab samples of patients from five (5) selected hospitals within Kaduna metropolis yielded <i>Bacillus cereus, Myroides Species</i> and <i>Staphylococcus lentus</i>. The <i>Citrus sinensis</i> ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well as the <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> ethanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the three pathogenic bacteria of wound origin. The result of the tests indicate that orange peel ethanolic extract, tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract showed the highest inhibition against <i>Bacillus cereus</i> 22mm, 20mm and 15mm respectively while highest inhibition of orange peel aqueous extract 19.5mm was recorded for <i>Myroides spp</i>. Lowest inhibition of tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract were recorded for <i>Staphylococcus lentus</i> 15.2mm and 13.17mm respectively. Orange peel ethanolic extract and orange peel aqueous extract did not inhibit the growth of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Staphylococcus lentus</i> respectively. Extracts which exhibited high activities against one or several pathogenic wound isolates were further assayed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The present study concludes that orange peel ethanolic, tomato aqueous and tomato ethanolic extracts showed highest antibacterial activity against the organism <i>Bacillus cereus</i> while orange peel aqueous showed highest antibacterial activity against <i>Myroide spp</i>. and there was a significant difference in the level of inhibition among the organisms isolated.

The effects of some selected solvents extracts of Avocado Pear (Persea americana) on Cholesterol/HDL ratio of albino rats was investigated. The avocado fruit was dried at room temperature and was extracted with ethanol and N-hexane using soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical screening of ethanol, aqueous and N-hexane extracts reveals the presence of Alkaloid, Tannin, Phytate, Phenol, Oxalate, Steroid, Saponin and Glycoside. The quantitative analysis shows that Alkaloid; Aqueous Extract 0.96%, Ethanol 1.37%, N-hexane 1.81%, Phytate; Aqueous Extract 0.68%, Ethanol 1.47%, N-hexane 0.88%, Saponin; Aqueous Extract 1.28%, Ethanol 0.76%, N-hexane 1.06%, Phenol; Aqueous Extract 2.75%, Ethanol 2.43%, N-hexane 1.14%, Oxalate; Aqueous Extract 3.36%, Ethanol 2.81%, N-hexane 2.53%, Tannin; Aqueous Extract 0.69%, Ethanol 1.36%, N-hexane 0.72%, Steroid; Aqueous Extract 1.66%, Ethanol 2.04%, N-hexane 2.58%, Glycoside; Aqueous Extract 0.14%, Ethanol 0.52%, N-hexane 0.39%. Eighteen male albino rats were divided into three groups of which six rats per group; the first group were given ethanol extracts while the control receive ethanol, the second group were given N-hexane extracts while the control receive N-hexane and the third group were given aqueous extract while the untreated were feed ad libitum which serve as the control. A lipid profile test was carried out in the serum of albino rats in which the values of HDL, TRIG, LDL, CHOL and VLDL was recorded. The TC/HDL ratio was calculated by dividing Cholesterol with HDL and was plotted on a bar chart. Aqueous extract of avocado has the highest concentration in oxalate and phenol compared to ethanol and N-hexane extracts. The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio of untreated albino rats feed ad libitum has a ratio of 5.468 which is a high risk heart disease. Albino rats fed with aqueous extract has a ratio of 4.615 while ethanol extracts has a ratio of 4.623, they both fell in a low risk heart disease. N-hexane extract has a ratio of 3.553 which falls below average for heart disease. In conclusion, the result obtained from phytochemical concentration shows that oxalate and phenol has the highest percentage in all the solvent extracts of avocado. The cardiovascular disease marker on TC/HDL Ratio of male albino rats fed with aqueous and ethanol extracts fell within the low risk acceptable range while N-hexane extracts fell in very low average risk for CVD. The result shows that Avocado (Persea americana) reduces TC/HDL Ratio as well as boosting the “good cholesterol” (HDL) which is good for cardiovascular health.

The study was planned to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Screening of cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts for antibacterial sensitivity and MIC against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out. ABST was performed by the disc diffusion method. The cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts were suspended in a solution containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.5% tween 80. Under aseptic condition, empty sterilized discs were impregnated with 50 μl of different concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.12%) of the cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts and placed on the agar plate surface. Paper disc moistened with vehicle (DMSO plus tween 80) was placed on the seeded petri plate as a vehicle control. Standard disc containing antibacterial drugs (gentamicin, tetracycline, cefpirome and ampicillin) were used as reference control. The petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 h. After the incubation period, the zone of inhibition was measured. Among the tested bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli showed the sensitivity at different concentration of cinnamon powder ethanolic extract whereas Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed no zone of inhibition. Aqueous extract of cinnamon powder showed no antibacterial activities against all tested bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts were determined by micro-broth dilution technique. The results of MIC revealed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed various MIC against all tested bacteria. Ethanolic extract of cinnamon powder has lower MIC value against Staphylococcus aureus among tested bacteria.

Plants remain a major resource in traditional medicine, with growing evidence of their therapeutic effectiveness. Phytochemical screening of medicinal plants is therefore vital to identify potential sources of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Garcinia kola seed. Standard techniques were employed to detect tannins, phlobotannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, and glycosides. The extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, phlobotannins, and resins. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method against Proteus sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., and Erwinia sp. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were determined by two-fold serial dilution. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts at 400 mg/mL inhibited the test organisms. E. coli showed the least inhibition zones (5.85 ± 0.15 mm and 9.33 ± 1.25 mm for aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively), while Erwinia sp. exhibited the highest inhibition (8.00 ± 1.0 mm and 15.75 ± 2.20 mm, respectively). The ethanolic extract consistently demonstrated stronger activity than the aqueous extract. MIC values ranged between 200 and 400 mg/mL for the ethanolic extract, while MBC was observed at 400 mg/mL. MIC values were lower than MBC, indicating that the extracts are primarily bacteriostatic at lower concentrations and bactericidal at higher ones. Inhibitory effects differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05) among extracts and controls. The findings suggest that G. kola seed possesses valuable phytochemicals with antibacterial properties, supporting its use in traditional medicine. Further research and funding are recommended to isolate and characterize the active compounds, which may provide effective alternatives in the treatment of modern-day infections.

Oral health encompasses the condition of the mouth, teeth, and related facial structures, enabling vital activities such as eating, breathing, and speaking. It also includes psychological and social factors such as self-esteem, overall well-being, and the ability to interact and work without experiencing pain, discomfort, or embarrassment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) on certain bacteria known to cause dental caries. Among the tested bacteria, Lactobacillus casei showed the greatest sensitivity to the ethanolic clove extract, with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 20 mm. The aqueous extract, however, showed lower inhibition, ranging from 8 to 14 mm. For Streptococcus mutans, the aqueous extract showed higher antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 4-8 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts against Lactobacillus casei was 125 mg/mL. In the case of Streptococcus mutans, the aqueous extract exhibited an MIC of 62.5 mg/mL, whereas the ethanolic extract exhibited an MIC of 250 mg/mL.Regarding minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the aqueous and ethanolic extracts required concentrations of 250 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL, respectively, to kill Lactobacillus casei. The ethanolic extract also had an MBC of 500 mg/mL against Streptococcus mutans. These results suggest that extracts from Syzygium aromaticum possess significant antibacterial properties, particularly when extracted with water, emphasising their potential as alternative antibacterial agents for oral health.

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate anti-lipidaemic effects of aqueous and ethanolic seed extracts of Datura stramonium.&#x0D; Methods: A total of twenty five albino rats weighing between 150 – 180 g were used. They were divided into five groups each contained five rats. Group 1, was the normal control and thus received normal saline. Groups 2 and 3 were treated respectively with aqueous extract at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg while groups 4 and 5 respectively received 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg ethanolic extract. The extracts were administered orally and the animals were sacrificed on the day 8 and the blood samples collected via retro-orbital plexus. The blood was then centrifuged after fifteen minutes and serum obtained for lipid profile analysis. &#x0D; Results: The total cholesterol level generally decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) in test groups, except in group 2 (0.502 ±.008 mg/dl) which received lower aqueous extract dose of 300 mg/kg. There was a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in triacylglycerol (TG) levels in groups of 2 and 3 (groups treated with aqueous extract) but indicated a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in group 4 (0.15 ± .003 mg/dl) which received high ethanolic extract dose. The high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) in groups 4 and 5 with the mean values of 0.164 ± .002 mg/dl and 0.147 ± .004 mg/dl respectively. The mean values of the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level generally indicated a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in all test groups, the decrease was more significant in groups 4 and 5 with mean values of 0.065 ± .00 mg/dl and 0.069 ± .00 mg/dl, when compared with groups 2 and 3.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study proves that both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Datura stramonium possess anti-lipidaemic property. The ethanolic extract had higher anti-lipidaemic property than the aqueous extract. Both extracts might be useful in the treatement of some cancers and cardiovascular diseases.

Phytochemical composition and active ingredients of Garcinia kola extract using two methods of extraction (crude ethanol and aqueous extract) was conducted. Tannin was present in both the aqueous (+) and ethanol extracts (++) of the Garcinia kola qualitative phytochemical analysis. Both the ethanol (-) and aqueous (-) extracts lacked pflobatannins. In ethanol extracts (+), glycoside was detected but not found in aqueous (-). In the ethanol extract (-), saponin was not present, while it was present (++) in the aqueous extract. Comparing the aqueous extract to the ethanol extract counterpart, the mean values of saponins (30.74±10.64), flavonoids (52.97±2.80), and anthraquinones (69.74±3.77) were higher in the aqueous extract, while the corresponding mean values for the ethanol extract were 0.00±0.00, 0.67±0.24, and 26.34±26.34 for saponins, flavonoids, and anthraquinones, respectively. Keywords: Phytochemical Garcinia kola Ethanol and Aqueous extracts

Background. In this study antimicrobial effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Juglans regia bark in Iran was evaluated on four different oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Juglans regia bark were prepared by using disk diffusion technique and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. Tetracycline 30 μg and Erythromycin 15 μg were used as positive control and water as negative control in disk diffusion and MIC methods. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Results. The results showed that S. sanguis and S. mutans were the most sensitive and the most resistant bacteria against ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Ethanolic extract had significant antibacterial effect against all tested bacteria. Aqueous extract did not show antibacterial effect on S. mutans, in contrast to ethanolic extract. Aqueous extract had significantly antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis compared to control (P < 0.0001), but it did not show effect on S. mutans when compared with Erythromycin. According to the obtained MIC values, ethanol extract of Juglans regia bark had the lowest rate. Conclusion. The results may provide the basis for using natural antimicrobial substance for oral hygiene prophylaxis purposes.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Objective: The aim of the research was to extract the deer antler velvet from Kalimantan Indonesia and to study physical characteristics between 70% ethanol and aqueous extract. Materials and methods: Ethanol extracts was extracted from deer antler velvet using maceration and modified maceration method. Ethanol extracts were compared to aqueous extract which produced using maceration technique. The extract profiles were determined by screening test and physicochemical properties as preformulation study were characterized using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray diffractometer, differential thermal analysis (DTA), solubility test, BCA protein content, and molecular weight using SDS PAGE assay. Results: Extracts were successfully prepared and determined. Physicochemical properties of 70% ethanol extract and aqueous extract resulted different characteristics in melting point, solubility, crystallinity and protein content. Both ethanol extract and aqueous deer antler velvet extract contained group compounds of terpenoids and steroids and contains high amount of proteins at molecular weight of 17 to 43 kDa. In terms of crystallinity, ethanol and aqueous extracts had different crystal lattices. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of deer antler velvet was then recommended for further in vitro drug formulation and characterization. The molecular weight of majority protein inside aqueous deer antler velvet extract was 17 kDa and this datas will be useful for further drug formulation

Anthelmintic activity of Moringa oleifera seed aqueous and ethanolic extracts against Haemonchus contortus eggs and third stage larvae