Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontal bacteria. Recently, periodontal phototherapy, treatment using various types of lasers, has attracted attention. Photobiomodulation, the biological effect of low-power laser irradiation, has been widely studied. Although many types of lasers are applied in periodontal phototherapy, molecular biological effects of laser irradiation on cells in periodontal tissues are unclear. Here, we have summarized the molecular biological effects of diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and CO2 lasers irradiation on cells in periodontal tissues. Photobiomodulation by laser irradiation enhanced cell proliferation and calcification in osteoblasts with altering gene expression. Positive effects were observed in fibroblasts on the proliferation, migration, and secretion of chemokines/cytokines. Laser irradiation suppressed gene expression related to inflammation in osteoblasts, fibroblasts, human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), and endothelial cells. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that laser irradiation affects cell differentiation in hPDLCs and stem cells. Additionally, some studies have also investigated the effects of laser irradiation on endothelial cells, cementoblasts, epithelial cells, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The appropriate irradiation power was different for each laser apparatus and targeted cells. Thus, through this review, we tried to shed light on basic research that would ultimately lead to clinical application of periodontal phototherapy in the future.
Highlights
Periodontal tissue consists of “gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone” [1]
The osteoglycin gene was upregulated at 2 h after low level laser irradiation
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the osteoblast line was increased after 830 nm laser irradiation at 10 J/cm2
Summary
Periodontal tissue consists of “gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone” [1]. Periodontal diseases cause a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the periodontal tissue, which could lead to loss of teeth and contribute to systemic inflammation [2]. Many reports have been published on the methods recommended for periodontal therapy using lasers [5,6]. We propose that it is necessary to understand the molecular biological effects of periodontal phototherapy for periodontal therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a treatment method based on research findings suggesting that irradiation with specific wavelengths of red or infrared light produces a wide range of physiological effects in cells, tissues, animals, and humans [9]. We tried to provide insights on basic research that would subsequently lead to clinical research on periodontal phototherapy in the future
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