Abstract
To improve biocompatibility and corrosion resistance during the initial implantation stage, zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite (ZnHAp) coating was fabricated on pure titanium by the electrolytic deposition method. The morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared ZnHAp crystals were calcium deficient and were carbonated owing to the incorporation of some Zn2+. This incorporation of Zn2+ into the HAp significantly reduced porosity and caused the coating to become noticeably denser. In addition, the Zn2+ ions were homogeneously distributed in the coating. The potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed that the ZnHAp-coated surface showed superior corrosion resistance over that of the HAp-coated surface and bare Ti. The in vitro bioactivity was evaluated in a simulated body fluid, which revealed that the ZnHAp coating can rapidly induce bone-like apatite formation of nuclear and growth features. In addition, the cell response tests showed that the MC3T3-E1 cells on the ZnHAp coating clearly enhanced the in vitro cytocompatibility of Ti compared with the same cells on HAp coating. ZnHAp coating was thus beneficial for improving biocompatibility.
Highlights
In recent decades, modern medicine rapidly has progressed
The unit cell parameters of zinc doped hydroxyapatite (ZnHAp) were determined by Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data collected over 2θ range 20–80∘ using MAUD software [18]
The results presented in this study are logical and in agreement with those previously presented by Thian et al [19], since the ionic radius of Zn2+ (0.074 nm) is smaller in size than Ca2+ (0.099 nm)
Summary
Modern medicine rapidly has progressed. In particular, the fields of nanomedicine and tissue engineering have offered new and improved solutions to numerous health problems enhancing the quality of life of patients who suffer from various diseases. The biocompatibility of HAp along with its bioactive properties has made it a good candidate for being used as a filling material for bone repair and bone replacement or as an osteoinductive and conductive coating [3]. When used as a coating material for metallic prosthesis, HAp forms physicochemical bonds with the surrounding bone tissue promoting bone formation which is essential for the osseointegration of the implant [4, 5]. To further improve physicochemical and mechanical properties of HAp, researchers have focused their efforts in modifying its structure by doping it with different metallic ions [6]. It was observed that doping HAp with different metallic ions led to changes of the lattice parameters, crystallinity, and other physical properties of the HAp [4, 7]. One of the trace elements that has an essential role in the human bone
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