Abstract
Despite the high biocompatibility and clinical effectiveness of Ti-based implants, surface functionalization (with complex osteointegrative/antibacterial strategies) is still required. To enhance the dental implant surface and to provide additional osteoinductive and antibacterial properties, plasma electrolytic oxidation of a pure Ti was performed using a nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-based Ag nanoparticles (AgNP)-loaded calcium–phosphate solution. Chemical and structural properties of the surface-modified titanium were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and contact angle measurement. A bacterial adhesion test and cell culture biocompatibility with collagen production were performed to evaluate biological effectiveness of the Ti after the plasma electrolytic process. The NTA-based calcium–phosphate solution with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) can provide formation of a thick, porous plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) layer enriched in silver oxide. Voltage elevation leads to increased porosity and a hydrophilic nature of the newly formed ceramic coating. The silver-enriched PEO layer exhibits an effective antibacterial effect with high biocompatibility and increased collagen production that could be an effective complex strategy for dental and orthopedic implant development.
Highlights
Dental implants have been the most effective therapy for the replacement of dental elements in the treatment of total or partial edentulism since the 1960s after the first reports of Ti implant application [1].A relatively high success rate was accompanied by early and late postoperative complications and eventually implant loss [2]
Cubic Ag nanoparticles (AgNP) with dimensions ranging from 80 nm to 800 nm were used for metal surface doping during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating process
It has been demonstrated that AgNPs with a size of 10 nm exhibit moderate cell toxicity [36] in contrast to larger dimensions that did not alter cell viability [37,38]
Summary
Dental implants have been the most effective therapy for the replacement of dental elements in the treatment of total or partial edentulism since the 1960s after the first reports of Ti implant application [1]. A relatively high success rate (over 90%) was accompanied by early and late postoperative complications and eventually implant loss [2]. Postoperative infection plays an important role in implant loss even though optimal aseptic surgical practices are followed and modern antibiotic regimens are applied during surgery [3]. The competition for metal substrate colonization between. Materials 2020, 13, 4359 bacteria and cells predicts successful osteointegration. The lack of stability and microgaps with oral fluid flow at the bone–implant interface leads to bacterial infiltration and subsequent bone loss [4]. New multifunctional biomaterials with enhanced surface properties that can offer regeneration potential and protection against microorganisms have been intensively studied [5,6]
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