Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the biological viability of two titanium surfaces treated by electric discharge machining (EDM) using water or hydroxyapatite as modifying agents and compare them to a machined titanium surface without modifying agent as a control. The in vitro MTT, total protein, alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red assays and scanning electron microscopy were applied to analyze pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells after 7, 14 and 21 days of cell culture on the titanium surfaces. The results showed the presence of cellular activity in all surfaces and the formation of bone matrix, with no discrepancy among the groups. All tested surfaces were capable of inducing bone formation. In the topographic analysis of the surface, EDM failed to modify the surface of the discs homogeneously. Thus, EDM is a low-cost, biocompatible technique that favors osseointegration, but which still needs to be improved.
Highlights
Bone is a living, vascularized and dynamic tissue that undergoes changes during life
Three different types of surfaces were analyzed on 135 Ti6Al4V discs: (i) surfaces machined without any modifying agent on 45 Ti6Al4V discs; (ii) surfaces machined by electric discharge machining (EDM) using distilled water as a dielectric medium on 45 Ti6Al4V discs and; (iii) surfaces machined by EDM using hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) particles as a dielectric medium on 45 Ti6Al4V discs
In studies with commercially available titanium surface treatments, the association of subtractive processes with calcium and phosphate coatings caused changes in the nanometric level of roughness, it was not able to modify the biological behavior of the surface in comparison with other types of treatment (Zambuzzi et al, 2014; Shi et al, 2017)
Summary
Bone is a living, vascularized and dynamic tissue that undergoes changes during life. Titanium has the capacity to undergo different types of treatment to improve the quality of the bone-implant interface and decrease the nonfunctional period of the implant (Osman & Swain 2015). In EDM, an electric discharge generates a high temperature inside a column where a portion of the ionized substrate can be deposited on a machined surface at the end of the electric discharge interval (Pramanik et al, 2020). The electrode composition transfers and deposits on the machined surface to provide the modifying agent with a suitable surface. The use of a semi-sintered electrode may increase the effects of titanium surface modifications
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