Abstract
Despite the global efforts, schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in several tropical and subtropical countries. One of the major challenges in the fight against schistosomiasis is the interruption of the parasite life cycle. Here, we evaluated the anticercarial, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical profiles of Sida acuta (HESa) and Sida rhombifolia (HESr) hydroethanolic extracts (Malvaceae). Schistosoma mansoni cercaria was collected from fifteen Biomphalaria pfeifferi-infected snails. Twenty-five cercariae were incubated in duplicate with different concentrations (31.25–1,000 μg/mL) of HESa or HESr. The cercaria viability was monitored at 30 min time intervals for 150 min, and the concentration-response curve of each plant extract was used to determine their respective lethal concentration 50 (LC50). Additionally, the cytotoxicity profile of each plant extract was evaluated on the Hepa 1–6 cell line at a concentration range of 15.625–1,000 µg/mL using the WST-8 assay method and its inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was calculated. Moreover, phytochemical characterization of each plant extract was carried out by HPLC-MS. Both extracts exhibited cercaricidal activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. At 30 min time point, HESa (LC50 = 28.41 ± 3.5 µg/mL) was more effective than HESr (LC50 = 172.42 ± 26.16 µg/mL) in killing S. mansoni cercariae. Regarding the cytotoxicity effect of both extracts, the IC50 of HESa (IC50 = 109.67 µg/mL) was lower than that of HESr (IC50 = 888.79 µg/mL). The selectivity index was 3.86 and 5.15 for HESa and HESr, respectively. Fifteen compounds were identified from HESa and HESr after HPLC-MS analysis. N-Feruloyltyramine, a polyphenol, and thamnosmonin, a coumarin, were identified in both extracts. HESa and HESr displayed cercaricidal activity and were not toxic on Hepa 1–6 cell line. Based on the selectivity index of these extracts, S. rhombifolia extract could be more effective on S. mansoni cercariae than S. acuta extract. This study could provide baseline information for further investigations aiming to develop plant-based alternative drugs against S. mansoni.
Highlights
Schistosomiasis, known as bilharzia, is an infectious disease caused by trematodes flatworms of the genus Schistosoma
After an infected person releases Schistosoma eggs into the water by defecation or urination, the ripe miracidia hatch out and invade the intermediate host freshwater snail where they form sporocysts. ey matured to give cercariae that emerges from snails and swims to penetrate the skin of humans and/or animals that are definitive hosts [2]. erefore, to control schistosomiasis, the life cycle of the parasite can be interrupted by killing cercariae and miracidia [3,4,5]. e use of chemical compounds to control the aquatic snails, cercariae, or miracidia is not recommended because of their adverse effects on the environment [6]
Schistosome cercariae were obtained from experimentally infected juvenile Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails that were maintained in the snail laboratory at the Centre Schistosomiasis and Parasitology of Yaounde, Cameroon, under standard laboratory conditions of 18–26°C
Summary
Schistosomiasis, known as bilharzia, is an infectious disease caused by trematodes flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. It is known as one of the most prevalent tropical diseases worldwide. After an infected person releases Schistosoma eggs into the water by defecation or urination, the ripe miracidia hatch out and invade the intermediate host freshwater snail where they form sporocysts. Previous investigations on two of the plants of the genus Sida, namely Sida acuta and Sida rhombifolia, reported their anthelmintic and larvicidal activities [22,23,24]. Considering the above, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro cercaricidal activity of S. acuta and S. rhombifolia hydroethanolic extracts against Schistosoma mansoni cercaria, their cytotoxicity profile, and determine their phytoconstituents
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