Abstract
The nematicidal properties of Trichoderma species have potential for developing safer biocontrol agents. In the present study, 13 native Trichoderma strains from T. citrinoviride, T. ghanense (2 strains), T. harzianum (4), T. koningiopsis, T. simmonsii, and T. virens (4) with nematicidal activity were selected and cultured in potato dextrose broth to obtain a culture filtrate (CF) for each. Each CF was partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain organic (EA) and residual filtrate (RF) fractions, which were then tested on second-stage juveniles (J2s) of the nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita in a microdilution assay. The most lethal strains were T. harzianum Th43-14, T. koningiopsis Th41-11, T. ghanense Th02-04, and T. virens Th32-09, which caused 51–100% mortality (%M) of J2s of both nematodes, mainly due to their RF fractions. Liquid chromatography–diode array detector-electrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of the most-active fractions revealed sesquiterpene and polyketide-like metabolites produced by the four active strains. These native Trichoderma strains have a high potential to develop safer natural products for the biocontrol of Meloidogyne species.
Highlights
Fungi belonging to the Trichoderma genus are cosmopolitan species, with 488 species identified [1]. Several of these species have been widely studied as biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi [2] and nematodes [3,4], insects [5], and weeds [6], and as plant growth promoters [7,8]
As harmful synthetic chemicals are withdrawn from the market, the search for alternatives such as crop rotation, resistant plant varieties, and biological control agents or their derivatives to control nematodes has intensified [4,11,13,14]
The present contribution enriches our knowledge of the nematicidal potential of 13 tropical Trichoderma species isolated from the soils of Yucatán state
Summary
Fungi belonging to the Trichoderma genus are cosmopolitan species, with 488 species identified [1]. Meloidogyne root-knot nematodes are considered the most harmful because they can affect a wide range of crops, causing production losses between 25% to 50% and millions of dollars. They continue to be controlled mainly with synthetic agrochemicals despite recognized problems for the environment and organisms [10,11,12] because of with lack of safer products and eco-friendly and holistic strategies. As harmful synthetic chemicals are withdrawn from the market, the search for alternatives such as crop rotation, resistant plant varieties, and biological control agents or their derivatives to control nematodes has intensified [4,11,13,14]
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