Abstract
It is imperative to understand and systematically compare the initial interactions between bacteria genre and surface properties. Thus, we fabricated a flat, anodized with 80 nm TiO2 nanotubes (NTs), and a rough Ti6Al4V surface. The materials were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We cultured in vitro Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate the bacterial-surface behavior by FE-SEM and viability calculation. In addition, the initial effects of human osteoblasts were tested on the materials. Gram-negative bacteria showed promoted adherence and viability over the flat and rough surface, while NTs displayed opposite activity with altered morphology. Gram-positive bacteria illustrated similar cellular architecture over the surfaces but with promoted surface adhesion bonds on the flat alloy. Rough surfaces supported S. epidermidis viability, whilst NTs exhibited lower vitality. NTs advocated promoted better osteoblast organization with enhanced vitality. Gram-positive bacteria suggested preferred adhesion capability over flat and carbon-rich surfaces. Gram-negative bacteria were strongly disturbed by NTs but largely stimulated by flat and rough materials. Our work proposed that the chemical profile of the material surface and the bacterial cell wall characteristics might play an important role in the bacteria-surface interactions.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys are amongst the most used metallic materials for different bone replacements [1,2]
A rising approach for the molecular control of bacteria adhesion and consequent biofilm formation is the synthesis of nanostructured materials with defined morphology and homogenous topographies [7,8,9]
We hypothesized that the surface physicochemical features of a flat, rough, and nanostructured Ti6Al4V alloy and the bacterial genre (Gram-positive or negative) will promote different microbiological behaviors on a Ti6Al4V surface, suggesting that part of the bacterial adhesion capability will be modulated by the bacteria’s ability to produce adhesion-bonds at the nanoscale-bacterial interface with varied bacterial morphologies
Summary
Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys (such as Ti6Al4V) are amongst the most used metallic materials for different bone replacements [1,2]. Pérez-Jorge et al [8] advocated decreased S. aureus and S. epidermidis (Gram-positive bacteria) colonization over nanoporous and nanotubular Ti6Al4V surfaces after comparing them to those of flat topographies, illustrating a similar behavior between the two bacterial models. These important works did not solidly analyze the impact of the morphological properties of bacteria; they did not highlight the bacteria genre properties at the surface-bacterial interactions and did not compare the modulatory effects of nanostructured surfaces versus those of a micro-rough surface. We hypothesized that the surface physicochemical features of a flat, rough, and nanostructured Ti6Al4V alloy and the bacterial genre (Gram-positive or negative) will promote different microbiological behaviors on a Ti6Al4V surface, suggesting that part of the bacterial adhesion capability will be modulated by the bacteria’s ability to produce adhesion-bonds at the nanoscale-bacterial interface with varied bacterial morphologies
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