Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the most important life-threatening infectious diseases in the tropics. In spite of the effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy, reports on reduced sensitivity of the parasite to artemisinin in Cambodia and Thailand warrants screening for new potential antimalarial drugs for future use. Ghanaian herbalists claim that Polyalthia longifolia has antimalarial activity. Therefore, antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxic effects, and antioxidant and phytochemical properties of P. longifolia leaf extract were investigated in this study. Methodology/Principal Findings Aqueous, 70% hydroethanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were prepared using standard procedures. Antiplasmodial activity was assessed in vitro by using chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite strain NF54. The SYBR® Green and tetrazolium-based calorimetric assays were used to measure parasite growth inhibition and cytotoxicity, respectively, after extract treatment. Total antioxidant activity was evaluated using a free radical scavenging assay. Results obtained showed that extracts protected red blood cells against Plasmodium falciparum mediated damage. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 24.0±1.08 μg/ml, 22.5±0.12 μg/ml, and 9.5±0.69 μg/ml for aqueous, hydroethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Flavonoids, tannins, and saponins were present in the hydroethanolic extract, whereas only the latter was observed in the aqueous extract. Aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts showed stronger antioxidant activities compared to the ethyl acetate extract. Conclusions/Significance The extracts of P. longifolia have antiplasmodial properties and low toxicities to human red blood cells. The extracts could be developed as useful alternatives to antimalarial drugs. These results support claims of the herbalists that decoctions of P. longifolia are useful antimalarial agents.
Highlights
Human malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale [1], Plasmodium knowlesi [2], and Plasmodium cynomolgi [3]
Artemisininbased combination drugs are used as first-line treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria [4]
The results showed the presence of saponins, tannins, and flavonoids mostly in the hydroethanolic extracts (Table 4)
Summary
Human malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale [1], Plasmodium knowlesi [2], and Plasmodium cynomolgi [3]. Antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxic effects, and antioxidant and phytochemical properties of P. longifolia leaf extract were investigated in this study. 70% hydroethanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were prepared using standard procedures. Results obtained showed that extracts protected red blood cells against Plasmodium falciparum mediated damage. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 24.0±1.08 μg/ml, 22.5±0.12 μg/ml, and 9.5±0.69 μg/ml for aqueous, hydroethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts showed stronger antioxidant activities compared to the ethyl acetate extract. The extracts of P. longifolia have antiplasmodial properties and low toxicities to human red blood cells. The extracts could be developed as useful alternatives to antimalarial drugs These results support claims of the herbalists that decoctions of P. longifolia are useful antimalarial agents
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