Abstract
Trametes pubescens, white rot fungus, has been used for folk medicine in Asian countries to treat ailments such as cancer and gastrointestinal diseases. This study was initiated to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, anti-diabetes, anti-dementia, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. pubescens fruiting bodies. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of T. pubescens methanol (ME) and hot water (HWE) extracts (2.0 mg/mL) were comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), the positive control. However, the chelating effects of ME and HWE were significantly higher than that of BHT. The HWE (6 mg/mL) also showed comparable reducing power to BHT. Eleven phenol compounds were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the ME and HWE of the mushroom were lower than Acarbose, the standard reference; however, the inhibitory effects of the mushroom extracts at 2.0 mg/mL were moderate. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory effects of ME and HWE were moderate and comparable with galanthamine, the standard drug to treat early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The ME had a neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced PC-12 cell cytotoxicity at the concentration range of 2–40 μg/mL. The mushroom extracts also showed inflammation inhibitory activities such as production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage-like cell lines (RAW 264.7) and significantly suppressed the carrageenan-induced rat paw-edema. Therefore, fruiting body extracts of T. pubescens demonstrated antioxidant related anti-diabetes, anti-dementia and anti-inflammatory activities.
Highlights
Mitochondria are the main organelles producing energy of the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and are involved in signal transduction of cellular metabolic pathways
Scavenging activity of methanol (ME) and hot water (HWE) extracts at 0.125–2.0 mg/mL ranged ranged from 41.91% to 93.45%, and from 9.62% to 92.38%, respectively
These results suggest that ME of the mushroom contained good radical scavenging effects, whereas effects, whereas the HWE had moderate scavenging activity at the concentrations tested
Summary
Mitochondria are the main organelles producing energy of the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and are involved in signal transduction of cellular metabolic pathways. In addition to these activities, mitochondria play crucial roles for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ , and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Antioxidants are compounds which terminate the action of free radicals, thereby protecting the body from oxidative damages. It was found that edible and wild mushrooms possess vitamins and polyphenol compounds and exhibit strong antioxidant activities [4,5]
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