Abstract
Identification of medicinal plants and naturally derived compounds as new natural antioxidant and antibacterial sources for topical acne treatment has long been important. To determine anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity and in vitro antioxidant activities, Sanguisorba officinalis L. root (SOR) was extracted with cold water (CWE), hot water (HWE), and methanol (ME), and each extract was fractionated successively with hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), and butanol to determine whether the activities could be attributed to the total phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, and condensed tannin contents. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were analyzed between the respective variables. The SOR CWE, HWE, ME, and their respective EA fractions showed anti-P. acnes activity based on the paper disc diffusion method on agar plates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The MIC against P. acnes had a moderate (+) correlation with the total phenolic content, but not with the other measures. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity (SC) had a strong (–) correlation with the total phenolic content and a moderate (–) correlation with the total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacity had a strong (+) correlation with the condensed tannin content. Linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition had a strong (–) correlation with the total phenolic content. To elucidate the major active phytochemicals in the CWE-EA, HWE-EA, and ME-EA fractions, high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) were performed. The HPLC-UV analysis showed the presence of nine compounds in common (arjunic acid and/or euscaphic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, and coumarin, quercetin). The UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis showed the presence of nine compounds in common (gallic acid; caffeic acid; umbelliferone; arjunic acid, euscaphic acid, and/or tormentic acid; pomolic acid; rosamultic acid; and benzoic acid). When standards of the identified phytochemicals were tested against the same bacterium, quercetin, coumarin, and euscaphic acid showed antibacterial activity against P. acnes.
Highlights
Skin disorders, such as acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, are associated with inflammation and the release of free radicals, which lead to oxidative and cellular damage, and bacterial infections.Acne vulgaris affects the face, back, shoulders, and chest, which contain the largest oil glands, and contributes to an increase in sebum excretion, comedogenesis, Propionibacterium acnes proliferation, and inflammation [1]
P. acnes acts as an immunostimulator through the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which are involved in development of the inflammatory process [2]
We focused on the antibacterial activity against acnes, which was evaluated evaluated by the paper disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum by the paper concentration disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and1), minimum bactericidal bactericidal (MBC)
Summary
Skin disorders, such as acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, are associated with inflammation and the release of free radicals, which lead to oxidative and cellular damage, and bacterial infections.Acne vulgaris affects the face, back, shoulders, and chest, which contain the largest oil glands, and contributes to an increase in sebum excretion, comedogenesis, Propionibacterium acnes proliferation, and inflammation [1]. Skin disorders, such as acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, are associated with inflammation and the release of free radicals, which lead to oxidative and cellular damage, and bacterial infections. Available synthetic treatments using topical benzoyl peroxide and retinoid are effective for mild acne [3]. Benzoyl peroxide can induce side effects, such as concentration-dependent irritation and uncommon contact allergy [4]. For mild or moderate acne, topical antibiotics, such as clindamycin and erythromycin, are used as medications, use of topical antibiotics in combination with benzoyl peroxide is recommended due to increasing antibiotic resistance [4]. Use of oral antibiotics for moderate or severe acne can have several side effects, including photosensitivity, gastrointestinal distress, and Candida infections [5]
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