Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify the utility of pruned mango (Mangifera indica ‘Irwin’) leaves as a resource for ingredients with antioxidant activity. Firstly, we examined the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from the pericarps, flesh, flowers, barks, seeds, young dark reddish brown leaves (YDL-ext), young yellow leaves (YYL-ext), and pruned old dark green leaves (OML-ext) obtained from ‘Irwin’ mango. Among them, methanolic extract of flower and OML-ext showed the most potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The flesh extract showed weak DPPH radical scavenging activity, but did not show SOD-like activity. Secondly, we investigated the relationship between the maturation of leaves and their antioxidant activity by considering the contents of their two active polyphenolic components, 3-C-β-D-glucosyl-2,4,4’,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (1) and mangiferin (2), in addition to chlorophyll (3) and anthocyanins represented by cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (4). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of YDL-ext, YYL-ext and OML-ext were mainly attributable to 1, 2 and 3, whereas their SOD-like activity was partly attributable to 2. The DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activities of YDL-ext and YYL-ext were attributable to 1 and 2. These activities were also due to anthocyanins whose content is highest in YDL-ext. Considering the amounts of leaves obtained from pruning, old dark green leaves may be a reasonable natural resource for preparing cosmetics and/or supplemental ingredients with health-enhancing properties, antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on AGEs formation and pancreatic lipase.
Highlights
Mango is one of the most important fruits with more than 1000 cultivars cultivated worldwide
We have previously reported that the methanolic extract of pruned old dark green leaves of mango (OML-ext) exhibited inhibitory effects on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation and pancreatic lipase (Itoh et al, 2016 and 2017)
We examined the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained from several parts of ‘Irwin’ mango such as pericarps, flesh, flowers, bark, seeds and pruned old dark green leaves by two assays that estimated the DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities
Summary
Mango is one of the most important fruits with more than 1000 cultivars cultivated worldwide. We have previously reported that the methanolic extract of pruned old dark green leaves of mango (OML-ext) exhibited inhibitory effects on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation and pancreatic lipase (Itoh et al, 2016 and 2017). In the case of mango, Jose et al (2018) reported that the ethanolic extracts of mango leaves exhibited antioxidant effects through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 14.94 and 68.0 mg/mL, respectively. Another report by Udem, Dahiru, and Etteh (2018) revealed that leaf ethanolic extracts showed the highest percentage of antioxidant activity with 79.09% at 100 mg/mL. According to the report by Fidrianny, Rahmiyani, and Wirasutisna (2013), the ethanolic extract of mango leaf showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 < 50 ppm (≤ 50 μg/mL). There are several reports concerning the antioxidant activity of mango leaf extract as described above, there is a large discrepancy between the data reported on the potency of http://jps.ccsenet.org
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